Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT CHARTER-HOUSE

The "Charter House" was founded in London circa 1611-1613, by will of Thomas Sutton which established a "hospital" or almshouse for "80 male pensioners," and a school for 40 boys, to be admitted between the ages of 10 to 14. Shortly before his death in December, 1611, Sutton purchased property in London, formerly a Carthusian monastery founded in 1371, and after its dissolution in 1535, occupied at times by Queen Elizabeth and by James I. This became the site of Sutton's almshouse and school. The name "Charter-House," a corruption of the French maison chartreuse — a religious house of the Carthusian monks — was carried over to Sutton's institution.

The 40 boys to attend the school were carefully selected by its governors; they were instructed in classical learning, fed, and clothed from Sutton's endowment; and were given the opportunity, if they qualified, to go on to Oxford or Cambridge. They were instructed by a School-master, an Usher (or second Master), and two Assistants. The School-master was required to have a M. A. and be at least 27 years of age, and the Usher to be at least 24 years old and have a B.A. R. Ackerman^* described the buildings of Charter-House in general, but of the School he merely noted that it was on "the western side of the green," and was a "plain building, suitably prepared for the important purposes to which it is destined."

The Charter-House School eventually outgrew Sutton's plans for it, and became one of England's ranking public schools. It was removed in 1872 to new buildings near Godalming in Surrey. The elderly "pensioners" remained in London in the "picturesque buildings of mellowed red brick" which had been originally a Carthusian monastery.

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT CHARTER-HOUSE, LONDON
In this room, some forty boys studied under a School-Master, a Second Master, and two Assistants. [See page 97 for brief account of School.] From aquatint by A. Pugin in R. Ackermann 's history (London: 1816) .

THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL-ROOM & WRITING SCHOOL-ROOM AT CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON

Christ's Hospital was established in 1552/3 by King Edward VI, to care for 1156 needy children, including 80 girls. The younger children started out in buildings at Hertford, and were transferred to the buiLdings in London when about 10 or 12 years of age. Until the Great London Fire of 1666, the buildings occupied by Christ's Hospital had been formerly a Grey Friars Monastery in Newgate Street. Christ's Hospital was rebuilt on this same site after the London fire, under the supervision of Sir Christopher Wren.

The Hospital was amply endowed, the children being lodged, fed, clothed and educated entirely at the charge of the foundation. The institution was governed by the Lord Mayor of London, the Aldermen, and twelve Common Councilmen, and by a few additional benefactors who were elected from time to time. The Hospital staff included a Physician, a Surgeon, an Apothecary, and a Matron, with a number of Nurses under her for the younger children. The instructors included an Upper Master, a Second Master, a Third Master, two Ushers, a Catechiser, an English Reading Master, two Writing Masters, a Music Master, and a Drawing Master. The children were taught reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic and higher mathematics, and "all classical learning including Hebrew." For many years their dress consisted of a blue coat or tunic reaching to the feet, yellow breeches and stockings, neckbands, and a round blue cap, which earned for the Hospital the name "the Blue Coat School." Many scholars from Christ's Hospital entered the universities, the clergy, and the navy.

R. Ackermann^* described the Grammar School-Room as "admirably adapted, both in space and arrangement, for its important purposes." He described the Writing School as "a handsome structure, supported by columns, which form a spacious covered walk … built in the year 1694"; the Writing School-Room as "of great extent, containing long writing-boards sufficient for the use of five hundred boys."

On the two following pages [page 101 and 102] are pictures of the Grammar School-Room and the Writing School-Room, drawn by A. Pugin and published in 1816 in R. Ackermann's history of the school.

In 1902 the buildings on Newgate Street were vacated, and the School moved to extensive new buildings in Horsham.

THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL-ROOM AT CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON
This School-Room, which at times had to accommodate 400 or more scholars [see preceding pages 99, 100 for account of Christ's Hospital] was designed by Sir Christopher Wren, the earlier buildings having burned in the London fire of 1666. This picture of the room is from an aquatint by A. Pugin, published in R. Ackermann's history (London, 1816).

THE WRITING SCHOOL-ROOM AT CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON
This drawing of the Writing School-Room at Christ's Hospital, was made by E. Mackenzie circa 1816, and published in R. Ackermann's history of the school [see preceding pages 99, 100, for account of Christ's Hospital]. The Writing School, designed by Wren, was built in 1694, with funds given by Sir John Moore, Lord Mayor of London in 1681, and President of Christ's Hospital. The Writing School-Room was described as being "of great extent, containing long writing-boards sufficient for the use of five hundred boys."

SCHOOL-ROOMS AT ETON COLLEGE

Eton College, in Buckinghamshire across the river Thames from Windsor, was founded by King Henry VI by charters dated 1441 and 1442. Under Henry VI's final plan, the College consisted of "ten Fellows, a Master of the school, ten Chaplains, an Usher of the school, ten Clerks, seventy Scholars, sixteen Choristers, and thirteen Alms or Beadsmen, whose particular duty it was to pray for the health and prosperity of the Founder." When described by R. Ackermann^* circa 1816, Eton then consisted of a "Provost, seven Fellows, two Priests or Chaplains, eight Clerks, ten Choristers, two Masters, and seventy Scholars, with inferior officers and servants."

The buildings were designed as two quadrangles. The front and larger quadrangle, which surrounded the school-yard, included the Chapel on the south side, the schools, dormitories and Master's chambers, etc., on the west front and the north side, and a range of buildings with a central tower gate entering into the lesser quadrangle on the east side; the lesser quadrangle included this range (the cloisters) in which the Provost and Fellows had their apartments, the Hall and Library, and the various offices of the College. [See page 316 following for Loggan's circa 1690 view of these quadrangles — before the new Upper School building was erected.]

A new UPPER SCHOOL, built circa 1694, replaced a building at the west front of the larger quadrangle [see view of quadrangles of circa 1690, page 316, and exterior view of the new school, page 317.] It was built with funds given by Dr. Richard Allestree, Provost of Eton 1665 — died January 1680/81. Its exterior, according to R. Ackermann, was "worthy of Sir Christopher Wren, who designed it"; and it contained the School-room, the school Library, "communicating with the chambers of the Upper-Master, for whose attendants there were adjoining rooms below, with a school for writing and its accompaniments":

"The school-room is spacious, and of fine proportions, but fitted up in a plain manner with wainscot, having a handsome elevated seat for the and others for the Head-Master at the north end, and others for the Assistants [or Ushers], with forms for the Scholars, in uniform arrangement."

The LOWER SCHOOL was in the original building on the north side of this quadrangle, beneath a part of the principal 104 dormitory known as the "long chamber." It was "a room of considerable length, but not of proportionate height, with a range of ancient oak arches at either side, and seats for the scholars behind them."

The pictures following (pages 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 and 113] show the Upper School-Room as it was circa 1816; this room as it appeared later in the nineteenth century; and the room as it appears today — the last photographed at our request, with and details of the master's and ushers' desks, by Mr. J. Frith, photographer of HIlls & Saunders of Eton.

A mid-nineteenth century sketch of the Lower School-Room follows, see page 114.

THE UPPER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
A sketch of the Upper School-room at Eton College, made by A. Pugin circa 1816, from R. Ackermann's history of Eton. This room, and the building which housed it, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren [see preceding pages 103 and 104].

THE UPPER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
Mid-nineteenth century sketch of the Upper School-Room at Eton College — the room and the building designed by Sir Christopher Wren [see preceding pages 103 and 104]. From Willis and Clark, The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton (Cambridge: 1886) Vol, page 461.

THE UPPER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
General view of the Upper School-Room at Eton College, designed by Wren. Picture made by Mr. J. Frith, photographer of Eton, 1965. According to Mr. Frith, the new School at Eton was built in 1694. The desk at the end of the room was for the Head-master, the desks at the sides for his assistants. The busts of celebrated Etonians date from 1840, and include the Duke of Wellington, North, Chatham, and Shelley. They also include George III, William IV, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert (of course not Etonians). Among the multitude of names carved on the walls are C. J. Fox, Gladstone, and Shelley. Today only boys in the Sixth Form may cut their names or have them cut. [See preceding pages 103 and 104 for brief account of Eton College.]

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
A closer view of the Head-master's desk in the Upper School-Room at Eton College. Photograph by Mr. J. Frith of Eton, 1965. [In new School designed by Wren, built circa 1894. See preceding pages 103 and 104.]

A view of the Head-Master's desk from the left, showing the door open and the seat. Photograph by Mr. J. Frith of Eton, 1965. [The new School at Eton College was designed by Wren and built circa 1694. See preceding pages 103 and 104.]

THE UPPER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
A view of the Head-Master's desk from the right, showing the door open and part of the seat. Much new woodwork can be seen — reconstruction work after damage by a German bomb in December, 1940. Photograph by J. Frith of Eton, 1965. [In new School designed by Wren, built [illegible]

THE UPPER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
A closer view of the Assistant's desk seen on the right of the general view of the room [see preceding page 107] . The opposite desk is identical. Photograph by Mr. J. Frith, 1965. [In new School designed by Wren, built circa 1694. See page 103 and 104].

THE UPPER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
A view of one of the Assistants' desks (they are identical) which flank the door into the School-Room — this is the one on the right as seen from the Head-Master's end of the room. Photograph by Mr. J. Frith of Eton, 1965. [In new School designed by Wren, built circa 1694. See pages 103 and 104.

THE UPPER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
A view of the left-hand side of the Upper School-Room at Eton College as seen from the Head-Master's desk. The Assistant's desk seen in the far right of this picture is the one seen in the right in the general view of the room, page 107. Here can be seen the benches on which the boys sat, running along the sides of the wall. The heating pipes are of course "modern." Photograph by Mr . J. Frith of Eton, 1965. [In new School by Wren, built circa 1694. See pages 103 and 104.]

THE LOWER SCHOOL-ROOM AT ETON COLLEGE
Mid-nineteenth century sketch from Willis & Clark, The Architectural History…of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton, Vol. I, page 460. This Lower School-Room, "a room of considerable length, but not of proportionate height, with a range of ancient oak arches at either side, and seats for the scholars behind them" was on the north side of the larger front quadrangle. at Eton College. [See brief note on Eton College, pages 103 and 104.]

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT THE FREE SCHOOL OF HARROW

The Free School of Harrow, at Harrow-on-the-Hill in the County of Middlesex about ten miles from London, was endowed in 1590 by John Lyon, a wealthy yeoman of the hamlet of Preston. Lyon had definite ideas about the School he founded, giving directions as to the building, and even listing some of the Latin texts to be used by the scholars. The School, a Classical or Grammar School, was to have a Schoolmaster, with degree of M. A., and an Usher, with at least a B.A.

Although The Encyclopaedia Britannica states that it was not "until 1611 that the first building was open for scholars," R. Ackermann stated that the School-House was built circa 1595, about three years after Lyon 's death.

The School-House was described by R. Ackermann^* in 1816 as "a substantial and somewhat lofty brick building, of oblong form, with a projection in the centre on one side, in the interior of which the staircase leads to the upper apartments." He described the School-Room as:

" … about 50 feet in length, by 21 wide, and the height of very good proportion to the area. The walls are wainscoted with oak to about one half of their elevation; above which are large square heavy windows, such as are not unfrequently seen in the better sort of yeoman's houses built about the time of Elizabeth, where the compartments are formed not of stone, but thick timber. The height of the windows causes a gloomy appearance in the room, which has indeed little claim to attention, but the uses to which it is consecrated. Not only is the oaken wainscot covered with carved names of some generations, but even the plastered walls above are smeared with less durable memorials of their names and dates. It would seem that these simple records are held in greater veneration here than elsewhere, as many years must have elapsed since the interior of the building was profaned by paint or whitewash. Above the school-room are five rooms opening into a small gallery or passage; the largest of these is that in which the governors meet annually to transact business, and where their records are preserved. These rooms were originally provided as a residence for the Masters, but have long since 116 ceased to be applied to that purpose: three of them, including that which properly belongs to the governors, are now [ca. 1816] used as classrooms; the other tow, which are small, contain some books. …"

This School, which stood in a gravel court "nearly at the summit of the hill, considerably above the street," was reached by an ascent of stone steps, the ground falling from it on all sides except at the north, where it rose "towards the church." The views from the school were extensive.

The school's prosperity began from circa 1660, when boys from other parishes, who paid their expenses, were also accepted. It was originally exclusively a Classical School, but is such no longer. Most of the present buildings are modern — only the present "fourth form room" dates from 1611, according to the Enclyclopaedia Britannica.

A picture of the School-Room, by A. Pugin, circa 1816, from Ackermann's history, follows.

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT HARROW
The School-Room at Harrow (built between 1595 and 1611) was 50-feet long and 21 feet wide, walls wainscoted with oak and plastered above. The Master's seat is at one end of the room, with the Assistant's or Usher's at the sides. [See pages 115 and 116 for description of the School.] The picture — an aquatint, by A. Pugin — appeared in Ackermann's history of the School (1816).

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, LONDON

A Grammar-School was founded circa 1561 by the Merchant Taylors' Company of London (a guild established under Edward I, and incorporated under Edward IV in 1466). The school was open to children of all nations, but no scholars were admitted who could not "read perfectly" and "write competently" and recite the Catechism in English or Latin. The School was originally intended to teach a maximum of 250 scholars; 100 of these were taught for nothing, 50 paid 2-shillings, 6-pence per quarter, and the remaining 100 paid 5-shillings per quarter, "according to their respective conditions and situations." The School was run by a High Master and a Chief Usher (these chosen by officials of the Merchant Taylors' Company, with the advice of learned men outside the guild), and two Under Ushers, selected by the High Master. The original school hours were from 7 to 11 in the morning and 1 to 5 in the afternoon, winter and summer; the school did not provide meals or time for recreation. "Thrice in the day, morning, noon, and evening" the scholars said "their prayers contained in a tablet set up in the school." Boys of all classes flocked to the school.

The School when founded was in buildings in "the parish of St. Lawrence Poutney, London," once owned by the Duke of Buckingham and others. This School burned in the great London fire of 1666: The Merchant Taylors' Company erected new buildings on the same site [the buildings may have been designed under the supervision of Sir Christopher Wren who rebuilt so much of London after the fire.] The School was described by R. Ackermann, circa 1816, as "a considerable structure, part of which is supported by stone pillars, forming a handsome cloister, in which are apartments for the Assistant Masters"; there was also a Library, a Chapel, and a house for the High Master. Ackermann described the School-Room:

"The School-Room, which ranges over the cloister, is a spacious apartment of handsome proportions, but without any elevated seats, to mark the distinctive characters of the respective Masters. The public instruction of this school, and better instruction is no where given, is conveyed in the peripatetic form; the Masters generally preambulating before their respective classes."

Two pictures from Ackermann's history of Merchant Taylors' School follow — a picture of the School Room, with its 119 long seats for the scholars; and without elevated seats for the masters; also a picture of the Chapel and "Examination Room" at the school, which as Ackermann noted, did not "wear the appearance of a place of worship."

According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the Merchant Taylors' School has since 1875 occupied the "premises vacated by Charerhouse school" [see preceding pages 97 and 98.]

THE MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL-ROOM
The above drawing, by A. Pugin, from Ackermann's 1816 history of the School, shows the long seats for the scholars, and the fireplace, windows and doors of the room, which, according to Ackermann did not have raised seats for the four masters, who "perambulated" before their respective classes [see account, pages 118 and 119.] The original School burned in the London fire of 1666, and the building which replaced it, in which this room was on the second floor over apartments for the Assistant Masters, may have been influenced by Christopher Wren, although Ackermann does not mention this.

THE CHAPEL AND "EXAMINATION ROOM" OF MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL
This room, which did not "wear the appearance of a place of worship," served as the Chapel and Examination Room for the scholars of Merchant Taylors' School — and was erected on the site of the original buildings which burned in the London fire of 1666. [See account of school, pages 118 and 119.] It contained a portrait of Sir Thomas White, Alderman of London, and member of the Merchant Taylors' Company, who founded St. John's college, Oxford; also "an appropriate display of engravings, presented by … the late Alderman Boydell," according to R. Ackermann's 1816 account of the school.

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL, LONDON

St. Paul's School was founded in 1512 by Dr. John Colet, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and by warrant from King Henry VIII . It was established to offer some 153 boys free instruction in the principles of religion, and a classical education; no boy was admitted to the Grammar School who could not already read and write and recite the Catechism. The School was under the rule and government of the Mercers' Company of London, who supervised its progress and the appointment of its masters.

St. Paul's was a free school, each boy paying only one shilling on admission; and boys of "every country or nation" were admitted provided they qualified and were approved by the Mercers' Company. The School was run by a High Master, a Sur-master, and a Chaplain — all appointed by the Mercers' Company. Later the teaching staff included the High Master, the Surmaster, an Usher, and an Assistant Master. School hours were from 7 to 11, and from 1 to 5 daily. The scholars were required to attend St. Paul's Cathedral on Christmas day, to hear the "boy-bishop's sermon" — the "boy-bishop" being one of the choristers of the Cathedral elected by his fellow choristers to that office. Many boys who later became famous attended St. Paul's School, including Milton and Samuel Pepys.

The original School-Room of circa 1512 contained a seat for the High Master, over which was an image of the child Jesus in the attitude of teaching; it contained forms, one above the other, each of which held 16 boys, the boy at the head of each form having a little desk of his own. A curtain, which could be drawn at pleasure, divided the upper and lower forms.

The original School burned in the London fire of 1666; it was rebuilt in 1674, by the zeal of the Mercers' Company, its design attributed to Sir Christopher Wren. The School building was described by R. Ackermann^* as "a parallelogram, extending north and south, almost directly facing the chancel of St. Paul's church." The north wing and the south wing were occupied by the High Master and the Surmaster respectively; the Usher occupied a house "in the Old Change to the east of the building." The School-Room was described by Ackermann as:

"…a spacious apartment, at whose south end is an elevated chair, with Dean Colet's arms, and the crest of the Mercers' Company carved in a wreath of flowers. An old bust of the Founder [John Colet], 123 copied and improved by Mr. Bacon, in statuary marble, is placed above the High Master's seat; and on the left side of it is the bust of the Reverend Mr. Thicknesse, who occupied it during twenty-one years…"
[George Thicknesse became High Master in 1748.]

The picture of the School-Room which follows (page 124) shows the High Master's seat and the busts above it at the end of the room, the three rows of divided forms along the sides of the room, and desks and chairs for the Surmaster and Usher in the middle of the room.

One of the great English public schools today, St. Paul's is still largely a day school, though it has a few boarders. The Wren building was taken down in 1824 and a third building was erected in its place. A fourth building was erected for the School in West Kensington in 1884.

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL, LONDON
A circa 1816 picture of the School-Room at St. Paul's, built in 1674 and designed by Wren, showing the divided seats or forms for the scholars along the sides of room, the elevated seat of the High Master at the south end, and desks and chairs for the Usher and Assistant-master in the center of the room. [For description of School, see pages 122 and 123.]

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL

Queen Elizabeth is credited with the founding of Westminster School which was connected with Westminster Abbey, in London (originally a Benedictine foundation but made a cathedral by Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII, in 1540 to consist of a bishop, a dean, and twelve prebendaries). Elizabeth established the school in 1560, with an endowment for 40 scholars, known as the "Queen's Scholars," who had their tuition free, roomed in the Dormitory, could have their meals in the Hall or refectory, and were provided with gowns, waistcoats, and caps. The School was first limited to 120 boys in all, but before Elizabeth's death that number had increased. "King's Scholars" were added later, and there were three kinds of town boys attending: the "Pensioners," who boarded with the Dean, one of the Prebendaries, or a Master; the "Oppidans" who lived in or about Westminster; and the "Peregrines," who came from elsewhere but lived nearby with relatives or friends. Westminster School was directed by the Dean of Westminster, the Prebendaries, and the Masters. The Dean of Westminster cooperated with the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in electing each year the several scholars to go from Westminster on scholarships to Christ Church and Trinity. Westminster School was run by three masters: an Upper-Master or Head-Master; a Lower Master; and an Assistant-Master or Usher.

The eight scholars, who were generally elected at the end of the fourth year to attend on foundation Christ Church, Oxford, or Trinity College, Cambridge, had to contend in Latin and Greek, particularly in grammatical questions and in speaking Latin, to win the election. As described by Ackermann, two boys would "challenge for five hours together in grammar questions; and, at the end of eight weeks of constant challenge, the eight boys at the head of the number" were chosen to the vacancies; the "Head-Master sitting as umpire."

The School-room, in a part of the original Abbey, on the second floor, was described by R. Ackermann^* as:

"… a spacious room, duly arranged for the important purposes to which it has been so long and continues to be so happily employed. It ranges behind the lower end of the eastern cloister, and above some of the most ancient parts of the Abbey."

Ackermann noted that Westminster School "ranks among the first establishments in the British empire for the instruction 126 of youth," and produced many distinguished men.

There follows [page 127] a picture of the Westminster School Room ca. 1816, by A. Pugin, from Ackermann's history; also following [pages 128 and 129] are photographs of Dr. Busby's chair (Dr . Richard Busby was the famous teacher and Head-Master of Westminster School from ca. 1640 — died 1695), and of a sixteenth century Master's chair, still in use, according to Miss England. She did not note whether these were used in the School Room or not — possibly they were (see her letter of March 3, 1965).

THE WESTMINSTER SCHOOL-ROOM (LONDON)
A circa 1816 view of the School-Room at Westminster School, by A. Pugin, from R. Ackermann's history [see account of School, pages 125 and 126.] This School-Room was on the second floor of one of the ancient buildings of Westminster Abbey. Westminster School was founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1560; Westminster Abbey, originally a Benedictine foundation, was made a Cathedral by Henry VIII in 1540.

"DR. BUSBY'S CHAIR" (front) AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, LONDON
Dr. Richard Busby was the famous teacher and Head-Master of Westminster School ca. 1640 — died 1695. This chair may have been used in the School Room. The photograph was made in 1965, and the original location of the chair was not noted.

"DR. BUSBY'S CHAIR" (back) AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, LONDON
Dr. Richard Busby was the famous teacher and Head-Master of Westminster School ca. 1640 — died 1695. This chair may have been used in the School Room. The photograph was made in 1965, and the original location of the chair was not noted.

MASTER'S CHAIR AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, LONDON
Sixteenth century Master's or Usher's chair which, according to Miss England, is still in use at Westminster School. [See pages 125 and 126 for account of the School and School-Room; and note picture of the School-Room of circa 1816, page 127.]

TABLE IN WESTMINSTER SCHOOL-ROOM, LONDON
This 17th century table was known until the beginning of the present century as "the Rod Table," and stood, and stands, in front of the Head Master's chair in the School, covered with names and initials of former scholars. Two birch rods "could always be seen protruding from the drawer during school hours," according to the present Head Master (see Mr. Carleton's letter of February 1, 1967.)

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE

Winchester College, founded and endowed by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, by charter dated 1382, was designed as "two quadrangles, with an independent cloister on the south" and was a reduced version of New College at Oxford, also founded by Wykeham and designed by his master mason, William Wynford. Winchester College took six years to build, and was designed to provide accommodations for seventy scholars and up to ten students who were "sons of noblemen and special friends of the College," sixteen boy choristers, and nineteen adults — for a total of ninety-six boys and nineteen adults. The College was governed by "a Warden and ten Fellows in holy orders"; and the Scholars were all taught by two Masters — a Head-Master and an Under-Master or Second-Master. Most of the original College survives today, with relatively few alterations and changes.

In 1683-1687 a new School was built, its design attributed to Sir Christopher Wren, to house the increased numbers in the College — students other than the "scholars" then outnumbering the scholars.

According to R. Ackermann^* the present School, "a modern structure compared with the rest of the college" was begun in 1683 and finished in 1687. The School-Room was "perhaps the largest and handsomest in the kingdom; being 90 feet long, 36 feet broad, and lofty in proportion." A large tablet at the west end of the room depicts "1. A mitre and crosier; 2. Pen and ink, and a sword; 3. A birch rod," with the words "AUT DISCE; AUT DISCEDE, MANET SORS TERITA, CAEDI" — symbolizing the rewards of knowledge in the church, in civil and military occupations, and the rewards of those who refuse to learn. At the opposite end of the room is a "tablet of the laws" of the School. As the disposition of the scholars at their studies was "unlike that of the other great schools, and peculiar perhaps to Winchester," Ackermann described the furnishings of the room in detail:

"At each end of the school are three rows of fixed seats, rising one above the other, and extending the whole breadth of the room. To these the different classes repair at the time of repeating their lessons to the two chief Masters, whose places appear adjoining the wall on the right hand [see illustration page 135]. Over the area of the room are distributed 133 and fixed several frames of stout benches, each frame having nine or ten. These benches, standing parallel to each other, are about five feet long, and about three feet asunder, and are connected together at their ends. They serve to support moveable boxes, called scobs; in general, each boy possesses a scob. They are uniform in their construction and size, being five and twenty inches long, eighteen wide, and twelve deep. When the lid is raised, a second lid presents itself, for the purpose of reading and writing upon. The scob contains pens, ink, and paper, and such books as are oftenest wanted. These are the arma scholastica, which the laws … [on the tablet at the east end of the room in illustration on page 135] require to be kept semper in promptu; for, besides his scob, every boy has, in the chamber to which he belongs, another receptacle for his books, with convenience for writing, &c. denominated, in the language of the place, Toys. [See picture of a "Toy" following under Dormitories.] The print already mentioned shews the position and mode of sitting at the scobs; and when the lid is set atilt, each boy is protected in some degree from the noise and interruption of those who sit next him, and enjoys a kind of privacy, somewhat resembling that which is afforded by the projecting bookcases of libraries, — "

At the time of his writing (circa 1816), Ackermann noted that the "usual number of boys attending this school is about two hundred; of these, seventy are upon the foundation: the others, who receive no emolument from the college, are accommodated with board, lodging, &c. in a large pile of buildings contiguous to the college on the west … Here is a spacious hall … where these Scholars, cal led Commoners, take their meals, …."

The pictures which follow [pages 135-143] include Ackermann's general view of the School-Room of circa 1816, a later nineteenth-century view of the School-Room, from the other end, and photographs made in 1965-66 at our request, showing the room today, also details of the surviving seat for the Head-Master; seat for the second Master, and the benches with lids opening, and scobs, both open and closed.

As Mr. Ackermann noted, the arrangement of the school-room at Winchester College was "unlike that of the other great schools, and peculiar perhaps to Winchester."

THE SCHOOL-ROOM OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE
A view of circa 1816 of the east end of the School-Room at Winchester College (designed by Wren and built 1683-1687), showing the Head-Master's seat in the right foreground of the picture, the fireplace, the benches with their hinged tops, at the end of the room, and the scholars at their "scobs" within the room; also the "tablet of laws" of the School on the wall at the end of the room. [See description preceding, pages 132-134.] From R. Ackermann, The History of the Colleges of Winchester, Eton, and Westminster: … (London : 1816).

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
A mid-nineteenth century drawing of the School-Room at Winchester College (designed by Wren), showing the boys at their "scobs," and the west end of the room with its painted tablet. [See description preceding, pages 132-134]. Picture supplied at Miss England's request by Mr. E. A. Sollars, Winchester photographer, but source not noted.

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
Recent photograph (1963) of the School-Room at Winchester College (designed by Wren), showing the panelling, and the west end of the room with the painted tablet already described [see pages 132-134.] Photograph supplied by E. A. Sollars, Winchester photographer, courtesy of Winchester College.

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
Photograph of the Head-Master's seat (in School-Room designed by Wren) at Winchester College [see 1816 view of the room, page 135], made by Mr. E. A. Sollars, Winchester photographer. According to Miss England, who visited Winchester at our request, the Assistants or Ushers sat in the two seats on the lower level, to keep order. [See description of room, pages 132-134] .

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
Photograph of the Second Master's seat in the School-Room designed by Wren, at Winchester College, made by Mr. E. A. Sollars, Winchester photographer. [See preceding pages 132-134 for description].

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
Photograph of closed "scob" once used in the School-Room at Winchester College, which was designed by Wren. [See pages 132-134 for dimensions and description of the "scobs", and 19th-century pictures of the School-Room showing "scobs" in use, pages 135 and 136.]

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
Photograph of "scob" once used in the School-Room (designed by Wren) at Winchester College, with lid and writing lid open, showing storage place for pens, ink, paper, books, etc. [See pages 132-134 for description, and pages 135 and 136 for 19th-century pictures of the "scobs in use.]

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
Photograph of "scob" once used in the School-Room at Winchester College, designed by Wren, with top open and writing lid down. [For description of scobs and illustrations showing them in use, see pages 132-134 and 135 and 136.]

THE SCHOOL-ROOM AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
Photograph of benches with hinged tops, at end of the School-Room of Winchester College which was designed by Wren. There were three rows of these benches, rising one above the other and extending the whole breadth of the room, at each end of the School Room. Scholars sat on these benches while "repeating their lessons to the two chief Masters," according to Ackermann. [See description of School-room, and picture showing benches in use ca. 1816. page 132-134 and 135 and 136]

THE CHOIR ROOM AT SALISBURY, WILTS

Although not a School-Room, the room in the Choir House, to the northwest of Salisbury Cathedral, which has been attributed by tradition to Sir Christopher Wren (who inspected the Cathedral in 1668), may be of interest here.

The Choir House was built at the end of the 17th century. The following picture of the interior of the Choir House, from The Practical Exemplar of Architecture^*, and the accompanying measured drawings (from the same, plate 7), show the "moulded stone jambs and lintel forming the fire-place, the simple oak panelling, the raised desks at the ends," which the author considers "reminiscent" of Wren's work.

THE CHOIR HOUSE, SALISBURY, WILTS

THE CHOIR HOUSE, WILTS
Views showing "Daised End and Fireplace" from The Practical Exemplar of Architecture [see page 144.]

INTERIOR DETAILS OF THE CHOIR HOUSE, SALISBURY, WILTS Measured drawings by A. H. McQueen, from The Practical Exemplar of Architecture [see preceding page 144.]

INTERIOR DETAILS OF THE CHOIR HOUSE, SALISBURY, WILTS
Measured drawings by A. H. McQueen, from The Practical Exemplar of Architecture [see preceding page 144.]

INK BOTTLE USED AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, LONDON
Photograph of small eighteenth century ink bottle made of especially thickened glass, with stopper. According to Miss England, the scholars carried their ink in this bottle, which they kept tucked in the cuff of their gowns. This is the only survival, and is now (1966) on the mantle-piece in the Head-Master's room.

TITLE PAGES TO TWO GREEK GRAMMARS USED AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL IN LONDON
Both were printed in London for westminster School in 1738.

TITLE PAGE OF LATIN GRAMMAR, USED IN THE SCHOOL AT ETON COLLEGE
Printed in 1758, reprinted in 1796, this volume is now in the Eton College Library. (Actual size).

PAGES OF TEXT FROM LATIN GRAMMAR, USED IN THE SCHOOL AT ETON COLLEGE
From book now in Eton College Library — the Latin Grammar, published in 1758, and reprinted in 1796, the title page of which precedes this illustration [see page 150.]

TITLE PAGE OF NOCTES NOTTINGHAMICAE (London: 1718) AND OF ELEMENTA LINGUAE GRAECAE (Glasgow: 1766). [From Library of the Royal HIgh School in Edinburgh.]

TITLE PAGE — THIRTY TWO NEW AND ACCURATE MAPS OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENTS, AS CONTAINED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS:… (London: 1739).
[From volume in The Library of The Royal High School, Edinburgh.]

TITLE PARGE OF AESOP'S FABLES IN GREEK AND LATIN
Published in London, 2nd edition, 1697, for use in the School at ETON COLLEGE.

THE HALL AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSTIY

All Souls College was founded by Henry Chichele (died 1443), Archbishop of Canterbury, its charter obtained in 1438 from King Henry VI. According to the statutes prepared by Chichele, the College was to consist of "sixteen Fellows … to study the civil and the canon laws; and twenty-four to pursue their studies in arts, philosophy, and divinity," to be governed by a Warden, and to have the required number of "Chaplains, Clerks and Choristers." Its buildings consisted of a single quadrangle with a cloister behind it. The original buildings were, with the exception of the chapel, quite plain. About £10,000 was the total sum spent on the lands purchased for college endowment, the land for the college itself, and for erecting and fitting up the buildings. Very little remains of the original buildings.

Christopher Wren was elected a fellow of All Souls College in 1653, and was in residence there for about eight years, working largely at architecture. He resigned his fellowship in 1661, and soon thereafter moved to London. Many of his architectural drawings are preserved in the Library at All Souls.

Early in the 18th century the large north or back quadrangle was built at All Souls. This quadrangle extends 172-feet in length and 155-feet in breadth, having the Library on the north, the Chapel and Hall on the south, the Cloister and principal Entrance on the west, and the Common-Room and other Apartments, with two Gothic towers, on the east. The architecture of this new quadrangle is attributed to Nicholas Hawksmoor (died 1736), Wren's favorite pupil, who later became surveyor- general of Westminster Abbey.

The original Hall, at the east end of the original quadrangle, was replaced by a new Hall, begun in 1729, according to a design of Dr. George Clarke (an amateur architect, "politician and virtuoso" who died in 1736), who furnished the wainscot and chimney piece for it. The Buttery and Kitchen adjoining the new Hall were built at the same time. A new Library, endowed by Christopher Codrington (died 1710 — once a fellow of the College) was begun circa 1715, but not completed until 1756 — it faced the new Hall across the new quadrangle.

There follow photographs of the present Hall (begun in 1729) made in 1966 by Mr. J. W. Thomas, photographer at Oxford. The furniture in the Hall, long tables and leather chairs, and the fire-place fixtures, are all of the eighteenth century. 156 The paintings and portraits in the Hall were described by R. Ackermann^* (ca. 1814):

"… The present hall … was begun in 1729, according to a design of Dr. George Clarke, who furnished the wainscot and chimney-piece. This fine room is decorated with a large picture, given by Thomas Palmer, Esq. of The Finding of the Law, and King Josiah rending his Robe, by Sir James Thornhill; and the portraits of the Founder Colonel Codrington, and Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, by the same master. A fine portrait of Hon. Dr. Tracy, late Warden, has been added to them. Beneath the large painting by Sir James Thornhill, is another of the Architect [Hawksmoor] presenting a plan of the street front to the Founder … ."

The Buttery adjoining the Hall (with the Kitchen adjoining it), was described by Ackermann as "of an oval form, and remarkable for a fine arched roof contrived by Dr. Clarke"; it contained "a bust of Giles Bennet, Manciple" (or purveyor-general of the Hall), and another bust of Hawksmoor, the architect.

In these photographs the Hall is properly furnished; the Buttery is now used for serving lunches. However, there is an inventory of proper furnishings for a Buttery later in this report (see pages 174-175, for 1719 inventories of the butteries at Emmanuel College, Cambridge).

THE HALL OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The new Hall at Al l Souls College was begun in 1729 — after a design by Dr. George Clarke, who furnished the wainscot and chimney-piece. The architect was Nicholas Hawksmoor, pupil of Wren's. In it hang paintings by Sir James Thornhill and a number of portraits [see descriptions pages 155 and 156]

THE BUTTERY AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The Buttery, which adjoined the Hall (and also adjoined the Kitchen) in the new building begun in 1729 was originally used, as was the custom in colleges, to store ale, bread and butter, served in the Hall. This buttery was built after a design by Dr. Clarke [see preceding pages 155 and 156], Nicholas Hawksmoor (Wren's pupil) the architect. It is now used for serving lunches, according to Miss England.

THE HALL AT THE CHARTER HOUSE, LONDON

The Charter-House, London, was endowed by the will of Thomas Sutton (died 1611) as an almshouse for 80 male pensioners, and a school for 40 scholars to be instructed in classical learning, with the opportunity to qualify for scholarships to Oxford and Cambridge. It occupied buildings in London, formerly a Carthusian monastery, and later the property of the fourth Duke of Norfolk (died 1572), who made some changes in the buildings. [See page 97 for an account of the Charter-House.]

The old Hall of Charter-House, which had been rebuilt by the monks circa 1520, was altered by the Duke of Norfolk before Sutton purchased the property in 1611 for his school and almshouse. It was described by R. Ackermann^[*], circa 1816, as:

"… a spacious room, that preserves the impressive form of its original character. It possesses large galleries, and is lighted by three windows, in one of which are curious fragments of painted glass. At the upper end is the portrait of the Founder, habited in a black robe, seated in a chair, and holding in his hand the ground-plan of the Charter-House. This apartment, which must have been the banqueting-room of the Duke of Norfolk, is now [ca. 1816] the refectory of the officers of the house, and where the pensioners take their daily and plentious meal…"

THE HALL OF THE CHARTER-HOUSE, LONDON
Originally part of a Carthusian monastery (the Hall rebuilt by the monks circa 1520 and altered by its later owner, the Duke of Norfolk, died 1572), the property was purchased by Thomas Sutton, founder of the almshouse and school, in 1611. The Hall served as the refectory for the pensioners and the officials of Sutton's Charter-House for many years. [See account of Charter-House and Hall, pages 97-98.]

THE HALL AT CHELSEA HOSPITAL, LONDON

Chelsea Hospital, London, was a royal hospital for invalids in the British land service, and was built after the design and under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren.

The building was completed in 1690 at a cost of £153,000. R. Ackermann^* described it as a plain structure, "but not without a stately appearance; … of better brick-work than is seen in modern buildings; … the coins, cornices, pediments and columns … of free-stone." He continued:

"…The different wards for the pensioners are light and airy; the chapel and the hall are well disposed; … The whole building, with the gardens, occupies a space of about thirty-six acres.

The Hospital consists of three courts, the principal of which is open to the south side: in the center of it is a bronze statue of Charles II. The eastern and western wings of this court are each three hundred and sixty-five feet in length and forty feet in breadth, and are chiefly occupied by the pensioners wards. …

The north side of the principal court is occupied by the chapel and the hall, with a large vestibule between them, terminated by a cupola. The chapel is one hundred and ten feet in length and thirty in breadth: it is paved with black and white marble, and wainscotted with Dutch oak. … The hall is on the opposite side of the vestibule, and of the same dimensions. At the upper end is a large portrait of Charles II on horse-back; and in the background is a view of the Hospital. Its accessory parts are allegorical; … It was designed by Verrio, and finished by Henry Cook. This hall, with its appropriate accompaniments, forms the subject of the plate [see page 163], as a decorative illustration of the subject."

It was doubtless this principal court, with the chapel and the hall on opposite sides of it, and its south end open, that the Rev. Hugh Jones (who came from England as Professor of Mathematics [1716-1722] at the College of William and Mary) had in mind when he described the College, which he also attributed to Wren, as "not altogether unlike Chelsea Hospital."^**

A picture of the interior of the Hall at Chelsea Hospital, from an aquatint by Rowlandson & Pugin, in Ackermann's account of the Hospital, follows.

THE HALL OF CHELSEA HOSPITAL, LONDON
Designed by Sir Christopher Wren, Chelsea Hospital was completed in 1690 — a royal hospital for invalids of the British land service. A portrait of Charles II is at one end of the room [see description on preceding pages 161 and 162.]

THE HALL AT CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON

Christ's Hospital was founded in 1553 by King Edward VI, to care for and educate orphans and children of needy families. With buildings in Hertford, where the younger children were cared for until they were old enough to receive the education offered at buildings in London, the school was endowed to care for as many as 1156 children, including 80 girls. It became known as the "Blue Coat School," because of the dress of the children — long blue gowns, yellow knee-breeches and stockings, neckbands, and round blue caps or bonnets. The school was heavily endowed, and was directed by the Lord Mayor and aldermen of London and twelve common councilmen. [See pages 99-102 of this report for details concerning the school, and illustrations of its school rooms.]

Its original buildings, once a monastery, burned in the London fire of 1666, and the school was rebuilt on the same site, under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren.

The Great Hall, as designed by Wren, measures 130-feet in length and 34-feet in breadth, and was 44 feet high. It had a semicircular table at the upper end, for any governors who might be present. It served as the refectory of the children (sometimes four or five hundred at a time), officials, masters, matron and nurses. On St. Matthew's day — September 21st — of each year, the Lord Mayor of London, in full regalia, and the other governors and officials, gathered in the Hall to hear the English and Latin orations by two senior grammar-scholars, and to award to the winning scholar his university expenses. On this occasion a "glove" was passed around among the guests into which contributions were donated as an additional aid to the scholar. The Hall contained a large painting by Verrio representing "James II. surrounded by his courtiers, receiving the President of the hospital, several of the Governors, and the forty mathematical Scholars." It contained a painting of the royal Founder, Edward VI, said to be by Holbein, presenting the charter to the Lord Mayor and aldermen, clad in their scarlet gowns, and including some of the children, male and female, with the matron; also a portrait of Charles II painted by Sir Peter Lely in 1662.

A picture of the Hall, from an aquatint by A. Pugin, which accompanies the above description in R. Ackermann's history of the school,^* follows.

THE HALL OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON
The Hall of Christ's Hospital, designed by Wren, measured 130-feet long and 34-feet wide; and contained a very large painting, by Verrio, of James II and his courtiers receiving the President of Christ's Hospital and some of the governors, and forty mathematical scholars; also a painting by Holbein of the founder, Edward VI, presenting the charter to the Lord Mayor and aldermen of London, also including some of the children. [See preceding page 164 for description of the Hall, and pages 99-100 for account of the school.]

Although Clare Hall ranks historically as the third foundation at the University of Cambridge, "as it now stands most of the buildings date from the reign of Charles I," and its "quadrangle was not completely closed until early in the 18th century." Little is known of the original buildings of Clare Hall, founded by Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Clare, ca. 1338. It was rebuilt in the late 17th century, because of "the hopeless state of decay into which the old chambers had come by lapse of time."^* Its present refectory or hall was completed in 1693 — Robert Grumbold was the architect.

The existing college consists of a single quadrangle, 110-feet broad and 150-feet long. The "east and south sides of the quadrangle, and the southern half of the west side, are occupied by chambers in two stories with a garret floor above." The northern half of the west side contains the Master's Lodge; and the north side of the quadrangle contains "first the Kitchen, with the Library above; secondly the Butteries, with the Combination Room [or "Common Room" — at Cambridge called the "Combination Room"] above; and lastly the Hall. This range is prolonged by the Antechapel and the Chapel." The Hall is further described as taking up the —

"…eastern half of the north side of the court, as indicated by four large windows with panelled surfaces below them, shewing that it occupies the entire height, from plinth to cornice. A doorway in the centre of this side opens to a transverse passage behind the screen of the Hall. This passage terminates in a handsome staircase, which leads to the Music Gallery, placed as usual over the passage, and to the Combination Room, the door of which opens into the Gallery. (The entrance from the head of the stairs to the Gallery is through an arch ornamented with plaster enrichments, in the spandrils of which the date of the construction of this part of the College, 1688, is carved.) Beyond the Combination Room, and communicating with it by a door exactly opposite to the Gallery door, is the Library … the Master and his guests have a covered access to the Hall by passing through the Library and Combination Room into the Gallery, thence down the staircase, and along the whole length of the Hall, to the high table.

167

In the western wall of the passage leading to the Hall are three doorways. The one next to the Court is a half-hatch door, and gives access to the Butteries, which are placed under the Combination Room: the second is the opening of a passage leading to the Kitchen. The third opens into the lateral space between Clare and Trinity Hall, which serves as a back court to the Kitchen. Under the Buttery and Hall are cellars. The floor of the Kitchen, however, being sunk to the level of that of the cellars, obtains great height for that room, and its windows occupy the space corresponding to the square blank panels under the great Hall windows. (It is entered down a flight of stairs …) "

Robert Grumbold drew the design and supervised the building of the new Hall, Butteries, etc., and was also the master mason. Detailed accounts have survived for the work on this part of the college — it was built between 1685 and 1693. Accounts for the brick pillars, stone "Railes and Ballisters over ye New Hall and Butteries," for glazing, slating the roof, and wainscotting the Hall (in 1688 and 1689,) have survive . The new Hall was inaugurated by a banquet on April 20, 1693.

Several photographs (of the Hall, the staircase between the Hall and the Gallery, the door into the Gallery, and the staircase between the Hall and the Kitchen), made in 1967 by Mr. J. Frith, photographer of Eton, follow.

THE HALL AT CLARE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Hall, looking west, completed in 1693 (Robert Grumbold, architect), showing the gallery. [See account of Clare in preceding pages 166 and 167.] The Hall was much altered in 1870, when a new ceiling was made. The original panelling, by Cornelius Austin, has the addition of "mouldings below the windows and the carvings in the heads." The remainder of the room as pictured is contemporary, except "the late 19th century pedimented doorcase" in the center of the gallery. [From Mr. Frith's note of February 1967]

THE HALL AT CLARE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the door leading from the Gallery in the Hall (completed in 1693) to a staircase from the Hall to the Gallery. [See preceding page for view of the Hall, and Gallery, and pages 166 and 167 for account of the college.]

THE HALL AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph of the semicircular arch over the door from the staircase Gallery in the west end of the Hall. Note the date 1688 in the plaster above it. [See preceding pages 166 and 167 for account of Clare Hall, and page 168 for picture of its Hall, showing the Gallery at its west end.]

STAIRCASE FROM HALL TO GALLERY AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the staircase from a passage outside the Hall [see photograph, page 168] to the Gallery at the west end of the Hall — the Hall designed by Robert Grumbold and completed in 1693. [See pages 166 and 167 for account of Clare Hall.]

THE HALL OF CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph of staircase between the Hall and Kitchen at Clare Hall. The Hall, designed by Robert Grumbold, was completed in 1693. [See preceding pages 166 and 167 for account of Clare Hall.]

THE HALL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Emmanuel College (its charter dated 1584) was founded at Cambridge by Sir Walter Mildmay. It occupies ground he purchased (formerly a "Black Friars" Priory) in 1583. The original buildings of the College consisted, as do the present buildings, of two quadrangles of unequal size, the smaller lying to the north of the larger. The Hall occupied the south side of the small quadrangle with the "Parlour or Combination-room" at the east end of the Hall. A new range of chambers, the "Brick Building," was erected ca. 1633-1634; a new Chapel and a new Library followed this. The Chapel, designed by Christopher Wren, was completed in 1677.

In 1760 "it was agreed that the Hall should be 'repaired and fitted up' according to a plan sent in by Mr. Essex. This work was completed in rather less than four years, the Hall being reopened 21 April, 1764." The work had cost something over £1796, including a "new pavement of Ketton Stone." Mr. Essex retained the original plan, and "very nearly the original style" of the Hall. In 1694 [1695] the Hall had been "wainscotted, painted and new glazed and adorn'd with new tables," and we are told that it is probable that the alterations carried out by Essex in 1760 "were chiefly confined to plastering the walls, and to concealing the original king-post with a flat ceiling."^*

An inventory, from Emmanuel College archives, dated May 11, 1698,^** of "Goods in ye College Hall, wch was New-Wainscoated in ye Year 1695," listed the following furniture in the Hall:

ONE New Table for ye Master & Fellows at ye Uper end of ye Hall with a turn'd Frame & three Forms turn'd after ye Fashion. Memorand. this Table is all made of English Oaken Plank of the entire length except ye Middle of it wch is of Norway PLank divided in ye middle.
ONE Wainscoate Chaire for ye Master having its Frame turn'd after ye Fashion of ye Fellows Table.
SIX New Tables for ye Graduates and Under-graduates all made of Engl. Oaken plank, & Ledg'd round with Iron with Two Tressels to support each, & two Forms belonging to each.
TWO Tables, viz. One under each Bow-Window, at ye uper end of ye Hall, wth yir Frames turn'd after ye Fashion of the Fellows Table. 174 ONE Table at ye Lower end of the Hall placed under ye Wainscoate between ye Two Entrances.
ONE Wainscoate Seate behind ye Fellows Table joy[n]'d to ye Wainscoate of ye Hall.
ONE Wainscoate Seate on each side of ye Hall, continued all ye length behind ye Scholars Tables and joyn'd to ye Wainscoate of ye Hall.
TWO Iron Casemts in the Bow-window on ye Southside. None in the other."

Another inventory of this Hall, dated September 30, 1719,^*** listed the same furnishings, including the "Wainscoat round the Hall," the "long oaken table" with three "moveable forms" and the "Wainscoat Chair" for the master, at the upper end of the Hall; the "two side board tables" at each of the "bow windows" and the "one side board table" at the "bottom of ye Hall agst ye Screen"; one wainscoat seat behind "ye fellows table joyn'd to ye wainscoat," and "one wainscoat seat on each side of the Hall continued all the length of it, and joyn'd to ye Scholars tables"; also the two casements in the bow windows, and "two pair of folding doors in the screen with cross bars bolts & locks."

The inventory of 1719 for Emmanuel College also lists furnishings in the Butteries, the Cellar and the Kitchen. As the butteries contained articles used in the Hall, we will copy their contents as inventoried:

"In ye inner Butteries

An oaken long table

A from behind ye table at each end fastned to ye Wall.

A Moveable form

2 Casements

A cupboard in ye Wall with a lock & key

A Door with a bolt, & a lock.

In ye outward butteries

A double bing in ye window with 2 drawers ["Bing" or bin; example in OED ca. 1539 — "in the pantre, a large bynge of okyn tymbar with 3 partitions."]

Two Casements

A cistern of lead.

A shelf & a double cupboard fastned to ye wall wch parts ye butteries.

A drawer for ye linnen belonging to ye fellows table.

175

3 Iron candlesticks agst ye Wall.

12 New pewter salts.

12 small brass candlesticks. 2 large Cast-Brass Candle [sticks].

4 Larger brass-candlesticks for ye fellows table.

a pewter bason & Ewer .

2 small smoaking Candlesticks

4 Quantum boards & 1 of Snuffers."

A memorandum of 1706 noted the purchase of "2 Dozen of brass candlesticks whereof eight was left in ye butteries to Butler's care" and the remaining sixteen put "into ye Coll: Treasury."

Besides stoves, grates, pots and pans and other cooking utensils in the Kitchen, there were large 10-pound, 7-pound, 5-pound, and 4-pound pewter dishes, "3-pound dishes or mess dishes," "half-mess-dishes," deep dishes, "192-Eard porringers 6 porringers with one ear apiece," small deep dishes, large and small "sawcers," etc.

The following photographs, made by Mr. J. Frith, photographer at Eton, in 1967, show the east and west ends of the Hall at Emmanuel College, the Gallery in the Hall, the wrought iron gate under the gallery, and details of the tables and benches.

THE HALL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) looking east. The Hall, which measures 58¼ feet 26¼ feet, was refitted in 1760-1764 — a new ceiling built below the late 16th-century timber roof. The panelling is of the ca. 1760 period. The tables and benches date back to ca. 1695. [See account of the Hall and College, preceding pages 173-175.]

THE HALL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Hall looking west and upwards, showing the GAllery with its three sham doors. Access to the Gallery is from the north side. Note the two iron gates under the Gallery, which were put there when the room was refitted in 1760-1764. [See preceding page 173-175 for account of the Hall and its furnishings.]

THE HALL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of oak table and bench installed in the Hall circa 1695 [see inventory and description of furnishings made in 1695, in inventories of 1698 and 1719, on preceding pages 173-175]. The panelling here shown was put in circa 1760-64.

THE HALL OF EMMANUEL CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of wrought iron gate, one of a pair at the west end of the Hall, there in the 1760-1764 renovation [see account of Hall and its pages 173-175 and picture of west end of page 177.]

THE HALL AT ETON COLLEGE

The Hall at Eton College (founded in 1440) was built circa 1450, and was restored in 1720 [see preceding pages 103 and 104 for an account of Eton College].^*

The Hall, which measured 82 feet long by 32 feet broad, raised upon a vaulted cellar, was completed circa 1450; and was repaired in 1484-1485, a vaulted pas sage then connecting the Hall to the Kitchen and the Brewhouse and Bakehouse. The north and south sides of the Hall were panelled in 1547, and the original fireplaces were abandoned.

Two pictures of the Hall follow, one by A. Pugin, published in 1816 in R. Ackermann's history of Eton,^** the other a photograph taken by Mr. J. Frith of Eton in 1966.

R. Ackermann described "the Hall, where the Scholars on the foundation take their meals … on the south side of the cloisters," as "without those ornaments which have been sometimes lavished on rooms of this description." He mentioned the two "large ancient pieces of tapestry" which were "occasionally hung at the upper end" of the Hall. These tapestries are described elsewhere as depicting "The Flight into Egypt" and "Christ among the Doctors," and were purchased and put in place in 1613-1614. They were destroyed by an accidental fire in 1875. The Hall was paved, and a flight of stone stairs leading up to it was built in 1690.

The Hall, with the tapestries in place (as shown in the circa 1816 illustration from Ackermann's history) is as it appeared from circa 1719-1720, after orders for the "Repairing of ye Hall according to Mr Rowland's model" had been carried out. In 1858 a "thorough repair and decoration of the Hall was commenced," a new roof was constructed on the main lines of the original, a large perpendicular window was inserted in the west wall, and the three fireplaces were opened up and brought into use. The old panelling was cleaned and repaired, and a new screen was placed at the east end; also some elaborate panel-work, bearing the arms of successive Provosts, was erected under the new window in the west wall.

THE HALL AT ETON COLLEGE
The Hall at Eton College, which measured 82 feet broad, was built circa 1450; but was repaired and some changes made in 1719-1720. From aquatint by A. Pugin, published in Ackermann's history of the college in 1816. [See account of Eton on pages 103-104, and of the Hall on the preceding page.] Note tapestries "Christ among the Doctors, " and "The Flight into Egypt," purchased ca. 1614, at the upper end of the Hall.

THE HALL AT ETON COLLEGE
Photograph of a table in the Eton College Hall today. Portrait over it is of the College Butler circa 1700, holding the "Strangers Cup," from which "strangers" were once given a dole of beer, with some bread. The walls of the fireplaces were opened up during "a thorough repair and decoration of the Hall" which commenced in 1858 [See preceding pages 179-180 for account of the Hall at Eton.]

THE HALL AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Trinity Hall, Cambridge, which is bounded on the south by Clare Hall, was founded by William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, by charter of 1350. It consisted of a quadrangle about 115-feet long and 80-feet broad; at the end of the 17th century the Hall was on the west side, the Butteries and Kitchen at the north, and the Master's Lodge at the south extremity. On the south side of the court, the Chapel joined the east side of the Parlour as the Hall did the north. A detailed description exists of the original Hall, before it was demolished circa 1742. The contract for rebuilding the Hall and Butteries (one of the "most antient Buildings at present remaining"), was dated January 4, 1742/3, and the new Hall, "built from the ground in the place where the old one stood," was designed by "Mr Burrough of Caius [College] … being ye Architect," to be ready for use by the fall of 1745. Although the contract said the Hall was "built from the ground," it seems that the ancient walls were retained.^[*]

When the Hall was rebuilt a "plain flat ceiling with an elaborate centre-piece of plaster-work was substituted for the old open roof; the walls were panelled to a height of about ten feet, and above them four sash windows were introduced on each side." A fireplace "with a handsome chimney-piece was either built or altered on the west side, and the brazier which had probably done duty for a fireplace previously was removed." The "ancient screens and doors were taken away, and replaced by panel-work, similar to that on the sides of the Hall, with a single doorway in the middle." A "gallery for music" was constructed over the screens.

Photographs of the Hall as rebuilt 1743-1745, follow, made by Mr. J. Frith, photographer of Eton, in 1967.

THE HALL AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the south end of the Hall (which measured 24½ feet by 66¼ feet) as remodeled 1743-1745. Part of a hammer beam roof added in late 19th century is just visible in this photograph. The rest of the room is circa 1745-1750. The College arms are in the tympanum over the center bay. [See preceding page for brief notes on Trinity Hall.]

THE HALL AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of north end of the Hall, as modelled 1743-1745. Except for the hammer beam roof added in the late 19th century, the room is for the most part circa 1750. [See preceding page 182 for brief note on Trinity Hall and its Hall.] The Gallery (or "Music Gallery") at this end of the Hall replaces an earlier one.

THE HALL AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photography (1967) of the fireplace in the Hall, as modelled between 1743-1745. This Fireplace is in the west wall of the Hall. [See preceding page 182 for brief notes on Trinity Hall and its modelled Hall.]

THE HALL AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

There has been some discussion as to the founder of University College at Oxford University, some having dated its foundation back to King Alfred. R. Ackermann attributes it to William of Durham, Bishop of Wearmouth, who died in 1249, leaving by his will funds "for the maintenance of ten, eleven, twelve, or a greater number of masters in the schools of Oxford, who were to be exclusively natives of Durham or its vicinity." This money was invested, and other endowments followed. In 1592 the rents of the college were valued at £100 ; and in 1612 it "contained 72 members."

When described by R. Ackermann,^* the college consisted of "a master, twelve fellows, and seventeen scholars, with other students." The king was the visitor.

At about the beginning of the reign of Henry VI the older buildings had been altered or pulled down, and the college became a quadrangular structure. The east side of the college contained the old hall or refectory; this was pulled down and circa 1674 a new east side was built. Of the Hall, Ackermann wrote:

"The Hall was begun to in consequence of the unsettled state of the university during the usurpation of Oliver Cromwell, it was not completed till the reign of Charles the Second. In the year 1766, its interior received considerable alterations and improvements. The fire-place, in the center of the room, as was the custom in the halls of large buildings, was removed, and a chimney erected on the south side. The roof was ceiled, the wainscot put up, a screen erected at the lower end, the floor new paved, and the whole ornamented in the Gothic style. The expence, which amounted to near twelve hundred pounds, was defrayed by the generous contributions of the master and fellows, and many others who had been … members of the society. The chimney-piece, which is of an elegant design, suited to the character of the place, was the donation of Sir Roger Newdigate, Baronet … during many years, one of the representatives in Parliament of the university. The arms of the contributors decorate the wainscot; on which are hung the portraits of Sir Roger Newdigate, Lord Radnor, 187 Sir William Scott, and Sir Robert Chambers. The south window contains the figures of Moses, Elias, and our Saviour, in painted glass, with the date over it, 1687, and this motto, 'Sum vera Lux.' …"

The following picture, by A. Pugin from Ackermann's history of the College, shows the room circa 1816, after the 1766 "alterations and improvements."

THE HALL OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
This picture of the Hall, by A. Pugin, published in Ackermann's history of Oxford in 1814, was made after the 1766 "alterations and improvements" to the Hall, including new fire-place on the south side of the room, new paving, new wainscoting, and new ornamentation "in the Gothic style." [See preceding pages 186 and 187 for brief account of University College and its Hall.]

THE HALL AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, LONDON

Founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1560, Westminster School adjoined the ancient Westminster Abbey [see preceding pages 125 and 126 for an account of Westminster School.]

The following picture of the Hall of Westminster School appeared as an aquatint in R. Ackermann's history of the school. The ancient central fireplace continued in use, and the panelling, tables and forms were doubtless old if not original. Ackermann stated that the "College Hall, which serves as a refectory for the king's scholars, was originally an apartment in the house of the abbot, and served that dignitary in a similar capacity."^* It was built by Nicholas Litlington, who became abbot in 1362.

THE HALL OF WESTMINSTER SCHOOL
Built in the second half of the 14th century, as the Hall in the house of the abbot, the Hall was used when the above picture was made (circa 1816) as the refectory for the king's scholars at Westminster School [see pages 125-126 for account of school, and page 189 for brief note on the Hall.]

CHARCOAL BRAZIER OF CA. 1702-1703, USED FOR HEATING THE HALL OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, UNTIL 1866.
Photograph (1967). The Hall of Trinity College was built circa 1605. [See pages 239-240 for brief account of Trinity College and its Chapel.]

ONE OF THE 17th or 18th CENTURY PEWTER PLATES OR DISHES AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
With college initials and arms — probably similar to those used at the College of William and Mary [see note 182 of this report for reference to plate found under Chapel. See also pages 132-143 for account of Winchester College.]

ONE OF THE 17TH OR 18TH CENTURY PEWTER PLATES OR DISHES USED AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
With college initials and arms — probably similar to those used at the College of William and Mary [see note 182 of this report for reference to plate found under Chapel. See also pages 132-134 for account of Winchester College .]

FRONT OF SMALL PEWTER DINNER PLATE (9" diameter) USED AT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY, SCOTLAND — PROBABLY TYPICAL OF 17TH or 18TH CENTURY PLATES USED IN COLLEGES.

BACK OF SMALL PEWTER DINNER PLATE (9" diameter) USED AT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY, SCOTLAND — PROBABLY TYPICAL OF 17TH OR 18TH CENTURY PLATES USED IN COLLEGES.

LARGE SILVER SERVING SPOON USED AT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE (ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY, FIFESHIRE, SCOTLAND).
Silver spoon, total lenth 14-5/8 inches, dated 1754.

SCONCE TANKARD USED AT JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Silver Sconce-Tankard dated 1710, and engraved "Oxon: Coll: Iesu." This Sconce-Tankard holds one gallon, and was used by undergraduates in the Hall at Jesus College. [A "Sconce" was a fine imposed for a breach of university or college discipline, often a fine of a tankard of ale imposed by undergraduates on one of their number "for breach of customary rule when dining in the hall" See Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. IX. page 234.]

PLATTERS AND WATER JUG USED AT ETON COLLEGE
Not dated — arms of Eton College [Probably late 18th or 19th century.]

THE CHAPEL AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

All Souls College was founded at Oxford by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, its charter dated 1438 [see pages 155-156 for account of All Souls College.] Sir Christopher Wren was a fellow of the College 1653-1661.

Early in the 18th century a large new quadrangle (the north quadrangle) was erected at All Souls, with the new Library on the north, and the Chapel (which preserved its original exterior form), and the Hall on the south. It was attributed to Nicholas Hawksmoor (died 1736), Wren's pupil.

The following picture of the Chapel at All Souls College, from R. Ackermann's^[*] history of the college, shows the Chapel circa 1814, after the interior renovations of the early 18th century. Ackermann attributed the new interior of the Chapel to Nicholas Hawksmoor as architect, and noted that Dr. George Clarke was principal contributor. He stated that the ceiling and "Streater's bad fresco", of circa 1664, was painted over by Sir James Thornhill [died 1734]; and Thornhill's "Resurrectio vestita" was placed over the altar. Below Thornhill's painting, two marble pillars supported an entablature which framed Raphael Mengs' "Noli me tangere." These paintings (shown in the following picture) were moved to the ante-chapel later in the 19th century. The screen ornaments were attributed to Thornhill, but Ackermann thought it was probable that Wren at least corrected their design.

CHAPEL AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The interior of this Chapel was remodeled in the early 18th century, Nicholas Hawksmoor (Wren's pupil) the architect, and Dr. George Clarke, principal contributor. See preceding page for description of paintings, etc.

THE CHAPEL AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

The original Chapel at Clare Hall, one of the older of the foundations at Cambridge [see account of Clare Hall, pages 166-167] occupied approximately the same space as the present Chapel, and was pulled down in 1763. Descriptions of it have survived.

A new Chapel was begun soon thereafter, which was completed, and consecrated by Richard Terrick, Bishop of London, in the presence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, on July 5, 1769. The design of the chapel was by Sir James Burrough, Master of Caius College, but after his death in 1764, it was completed by James Essex.

We are told that very little alteration has taken place in this Chapel since its original construction:

" …The apsidal east end contains the original wooden altarpiece, consisting of four fluted Corinthian columns supporting an entablature and pediment. Beneath is a picture of the Annunciation by Cipriani, put up when the Chapel was built, at a cost of £100. The stalls, panelwork and organ gallery belong to the same period. The organ was brought from the Church of Honington in Lincolnshire. It has since been enlarged. The windows were filled in 1870 with stained glass by Wailes, in consequence of a bequest of Thomas Henry Coles, D. D., with the exception of the eastermost window on the south side, the glass for which was previously given by the Rev. Joseph Porter, M.A., Fellow and University Librarian."^*

Photographs of the Ante-chapel, and Chapel follow, made in 1967 by Mr. J. Frith, photographer of Eton.

THE ANTE-CHAPEL, CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Built 1763-1769, by Sir James Currough and James Essex, this octagonal ante-chapel measures 26 feet (diagonal). Photograph made 1967. [See preceding page for data on Clare Hall and the Chapel.]

PLASTER WORK AND LANTERN IN DOME OF ANTE-CHAPEL AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
[See preceding pages 201 and 202 for information on and picture of Ante-chapel.]

CHAPEL AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) looking East. Chapel, measuring 60-feet by 26½ feet, was built 1763-1769, designed by Sir James Burrough and James Essex. [See preceding page 201 for description.]

CHAPEL AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of Chapel looking West. The Chapel was built 1763-1769, designed by Sir James Burrough (died 1764) and completed by James Essex; it measures 60-feet by 26½ feet. [See preceding page 201 for description. All contemporary except the organ, which was enlarged and modernized in 1910.

THE CHAPEL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Emmanuel College, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay, charter dated 1584 [see account of College, pages 173-175], consisted of two quadrangles of unequal size, the original Chapel occupying the east side of the smaller quadrangle, with chambers over it in the roof. The position of the chancel of the Chapel, standing to the "north, and their kitchen eastwarde," instead of being built, as were all other Chapels at Cambridge, "with the Chancell Eastward, according to ye uniform order of all Christendome," gave great offence, and the Chapel had never been consecrated. It was in virtual ruins and was rebuilt, circa 1668-1677.

Christopher Wren was the architect for the new Chapel, which was placed at the east side of the large quadrangle, extending eastward from the quadrangle into the grounds beyond. By 1672 the walls had been completed and the plasterers had begun work on the ceiling. Additional subscriptions were collected to finish the building, the total cost of which amounted to more than £3972. The Chapel was consecrated by Dr. Peter Gunning, Bishop of Ely, on September 29, 1677. The scheme of the woodwork was designed by a Mr. Peirce and a Mr. Oliver, of London, but it was executed by Cornelius Austin.

The east end of the Chapel was first adorned with hangings, but these were replaced "in 1687 by an altar-piece of carved oak, consisting of two fluted Corinthian columns supporting an entablature, surmounted by a pediment." This, with the rest of the woodwork, was given by Dr. Sandcroft, Archbishop of Canterbury. The painting in the entablature was not presented until 1734 — it represents the "Return of the Prodigal Son," by Giacomo Amiconi, a Venetian artist who worked in England ca. 1729-1739. The organ was probably put up at about the same time. In 1735, Mr. Burrough was paid £7 :7 s "for his assistance in beautifying ye Chappell," although the details of his work were not recorded. The glass chandelier which hung in the center was the gift of Dr. Edward Hulse in 1732. The building has not been materially altered since its construction.^*

An inventory dated September 30, 1719, listed the "Goods in ye Chappel" and "Anti-chappel, Vestry &c.":

"In ye Vestry and ye opposite part of ye building each a window. On ye North side a little door under ye Stairs. On ye same side another door opening into ye Antichappel wth a spring lock. One great double 207 door wth six hinges & 4 bolts . A staircase with balisters. A little door at ye top of staircase. A bell, & rope. A catalogue of benefactors to ye Chappel. 2 Forms, & 2 desks in ye Antichappel. 2 Brass sconses. A surplice."

"In ye Chappel.

New wainscoat round Chappel.

2 Stalls for ye Mr & Senr fellow.

A bench on each side joyning to ye Wainscoat.

4 Double seats on each side wth benches under them.

3 Moveable desks.

A litany desk wth 2 silver candlesticks.

A septum to ye communion table of carv'd wainscoat.

A Communion table with a carpet of crimson velvet & 2 cushions of ye same.

Ogilbie's bible in 2 Volumes, & 2 common prayer books of ye English letter bound in Turkey leather & gilt on ye communion table.

Two low stools cover'd with blew cloath.

2 Cushions for ye Master's seat, &

A Common prayer book of ye Large paper ruld, gilt, & bound in red Turkey leather.

A cushion for ye Senior fellow

One bible in Quarto

Two bibles on ye reading desks.

Com: prayer books.

40 brass candlesticks in ye Chappel.

2 bras s candlesticks in ye Organ loft."

^**

Photographs (1967) follow, made by Mr. J. Frith, photographer of Eton, showing the Chapel at Emmanuel College, and details of its woodwork and furnishings.

THE CHAPEL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Chapel, looking east. This Chapel was designed by Christopher Wren and was built 1668-1677. [See preceding pages of detailed account.] The Chapel measures 62-feet by 29 feet. The altar — of carved oak, and the surrounding woodwork, replaced hangings in 1687; the painting, the Return of the Prodigal Son, was placed there in 1734. The glass chandelier was presented in 1732.

THE CHAPEL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Chapel looking West. This Chapel was designed by Christopher Wren, and erected 1668-1677. The organ was probably put in place circa 1734. The glass chandelier was presented in 1732. [See preceding pages 206 and 207 for account of the Chapel.]

THE COMMUNION RAIL IN THE CHAPEL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
This Chapel was designed by Christopher Wren, and erected 1668-1677. The communion rail is of oak. [See preceding pages 206 and 207 for further details concerning the Chapel and page 208 for view of east end of Chapel.]

THE CHAPEL OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
One of two late 17th century chairs in the chancel of Chapel [see view of East end of the Chapel page 208.]

THE CHAPEL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
One of a pair of silver candlesticks on the altar of the Emmanuel College Chapel. [See view of east end of the Chapel, page 208. The cross also shown on the altar is modern, according to Mr. Frith.]

THE CHAPEL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of a "return-stall" at the west end of the Chapel at Emmanuel College [see photograph of the West end of the Chapel, page 209.] This Chapel was designed by Christopher Wren, and was built 1668-1677 . [See account on pages 206 and 207 .]

THE CHAPEL AT EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph of the cut glass candelabrum, given to Emmanuel College in 1732, which hangs from the middle of the Chapel ceiling. [See account of the College Chapel, pages 206 and 207 and illustrations on pages 208 and 209.]

THE CHAPEL AT ETON COLLEGE

Eton College was founded by King Henry VI [see preceding pages 103-104 for an account of Eton.] The building of its Chapel was started in 1441, and Henry VI is said to have laid "the first stone" in person. He gave explicit directions for the Chapel, which was never quite as large as he intended. Only a part of it was built in his lifetime; and the Antechapel was not built until 1479-1482. The chapel was altered many times in the years which followed its erection.

According to R. Ackermann, the Chapel underwent considerable repairs under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren in 1700; although one statement says that the design of the wainscot put in it at that time was left to the joyner, a Mr. Hopson, with advice from the surveyor, a Mr. Banks. An organ loft was built, and the organ set up in it at about that time. R. Ackermann, writing circa 1816, described the Chapel as follows:

"The Chapel occupies the south side of the larger quadrangle; … The building of it commenced July 3, 1441 … In the year 1700 this chapel underwent considerable repairs,… The alterations were conducted under the direction of that great architect Sir Christopher Wren, who, as he did in other places, … thought proper to introduce the unappropriate designs of Grecian architecture, though upon what principle of propriety, taste, or local effect, cannot well be conceived. His altar-piece, which is in that style, and beautifully composed, covers the ancient one of Gothic character… At this time many of the ancient gravestones were disturbed, while the mural monuments were concealed, particularly about the chancel, by the new wainscoting and altar. … The whole length of the Chapel, including the ante-chapel, is 175 feet. …"^*

Among many changes and alterations noted in a later account of the Chapel were those made ca. 1845 the reredos (altar and wainscot), attributed by Ackermann was removed, and the original stone panelling at the east end was discovered. A new altar, altar-rails, and pulpit, all of stone, in Gothic design, were then provided. In 1842, when all the "old panelling and seats" had been removed and the walls cleaned, frescoes were discovered which had been whitewashed over ca. 1560, but were in a fair state of preservation. Unfortunately, 216 the upper portion of the frescoes was destroyed by the workmen, but the lower portion still exists, behind the modern woodwork. Stained glass windows were put up in the 1840's. In 1849-1850 the pavement of black and white marble was taken up and replaced by stone flags. The organ was removed from the floor at the west end in the Ante-chapel, to the south side of the choir, and, in 1869, moved under the chancel arch, blocking it with the heavy framework required for support. The Ante-chapel was "restored" in 1852.^**

Two pictures of the Chapel at Eton follow: one from R. Ackermann's history published in 1816, showing the pews and panelling or wainscoting of circa 1700; the other a recent photograph (1965), showing the ca. 1842 "restoration" of the stone work in Gothic design, and the new pews or "benches" replacing those removed ca. 1847 .

THE CHAPEL AT ETON COLLEGE
View of the West end of the Chapel at Eton College [see preceding pages 215 and 216], from R. Ackermann's history published in 1816, before the early eighteenth century wainscoting and black and white marble floor were removed.

CHAPEL AT ETON COLLEGE
Photograph (1965) of the Chapel at Eton, after the reredos designed by Wren circa 1700, and its surrounding panelling was removed in the 1840's, and the Chapel was "restored" to its original Gothic appearance [see preceding pages 215 and 216.] The pews or benches are of the 19th century. The stone paving replaced an earlier black and white marble paving ca. 1850.

THE CHAPEL OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

Founded by Dr. Hugh Price (or Hugo ApRice, as his name appeared in three charters), the first charter granted by Queen Elizabeth for "Jesus College, within the City and University of Oxford," was dated June, 1571. Its dimensions being 90-feet by 70-feet, contained the Chapel and the Hall, and was partly completed ca. 1625. The first quadrangle was rebuilt in 1756. The north and south sides of a second quadrangle, a story higher than the first, were partially completed in 1640; the work was interrupted by the civil wars, and was not completed until 1677. A Library on the north side of the new quadrangle was begun circa 1626. It was pulled down in 1639, to be rebuilt on the west side of this quadrangle, but was not erected until 1677.

The Chapel, which was on the north side of the first quadrangle, was consecrated May 28, 1621, by Dr. John Howson, Bishop of Oxford. It proved too small for the society, however, and was lengthened at its east end in 1636.

A picture of the interior of the Chapel follows, from Ackermann's history of Oxford.^* Ackermann described the Chapel as consisting of —

"an ante-chapel, divided by a screen from the body, which another screen divides from the chancel. Its style of architecture is of the mixed Gothic, with a roof finished in rich compartments. A copy of Guido's picture of St. Michael overcoming the Devil, presented by Thomas James Viscount Bulkeley, decorates the altar."

THE CHAPEL OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
This Chapel was consecrated in 1621 and lengthened at its east end in 1636. [See brief account of Jesus College on the preceding page.] The above picture is from R. Ackermann's history of Oxford, published in 1814.

PATEN AMONG CHAPEL SILVER AT JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Silver paten, dated 1715, among the Chapel silver at Jesus College.

THE CHAPEL OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

Founded by William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, in 1448, for "the study of Divinity and Philosophy," Magdalen College was composed of "the President, forty Fellows, thirty Demies, a Divinity Lecturer, a Schoolmaster and Usher, four Chaplains, eight Clerks, and sixteen Choristers, besides Gentlemen Commoners" [Commoners were not admitted to this College].

A court leads to "the great quadrangle , with its fine cloister, begun by the Founder in 1473." It is formed by the Chapel, the Hall, the Library, the ancient part of the President's lodgings, and the apartments of the Fellows and Demies.

The Chapel was erected by the Founder and "furnished with appropriate magnificence." The windows, after the fashion which "had prevailed from the time of Henry IV., were adorned with portraits and paintings on the glass." According to R. Ackermann,^* writing circa 1814, —

" … The Chapel remained in the state in which the Founder left it, with the exception of the injury which its furniture and decorations sustained at the Reformation, till the year 1635, when the inner chapel was paved with black and white marble, fitted up with new stalls and wainscoting, and provided with a new organ, a handsome screen, and painted windows. … The original style of building predominates in this chapel; but the screen and the paneling, that covers the east wall, are in the Grecian style of architecture, which has been admitted, and by professional men of the first name, to blend its heterogeneous forms, properties, and decorations with the Gothic character, in many of our noblest churches. The body of the chapel is enlightened by ten windows. The west window, painted in chiaro oscuro, … received great injury from a high wind in 1703, it was restored by Egginton in 1794. The windows now [ca. 1814] in the chapel, represent the figures of the Apostles, the primitive Fathers, Saints, and Martyrs, also in chiaro oscuro. Eight of them were removed from the ante-chapel in 1741; and two new ones, next the altar, were added by the younger Price, who died in 1765. … The present altar was erected in 1740, and in the same style of design and enrichment with the later alterations in 223 the interior of the chapel. The altar-piece, by Isaac Fuller, was placed there about the year 1680. Underneath this painting is a very fine picture of Christ bearing his Cross. In the year 1793, the old roof being decayed, a new one was placed on the chapel and the hall, …"

The picture which follows is from Ackermann's history of Oxford, published in 1814.

THE CHAPEL OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Built in the last half of the 15th century, this chapel "was paved with black and white marble, fitted up with new stalls and wainscoting, and provided with a new organ, a handsome screen, and painted windows" in 1635. [See brief account of Magdalen College on preceding pages 222 and 223.] This picture is from Ackermann's history of Oxford, published in 1814.

THE CHAPEL OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

William de Wykeham, who founded Winchester College, obtained the King's patent to found new College at Oxford in 1379. The foundation stone for the College buildings was laid March 5, 1379/80, and the structure was completed in 1386. New College was to consist of "a Warden, and seventy Scholars, Clerks, Students in Theology, Canon and Civil Law, and Philosophy" — fifty of these "to apply themselves to Philosophy, or Arts, and Theology."

New College, completed at the sole expence of the Founder, consisted of "the principal quadrangle," which included "the hall, and library, the cloisters, the tower, and the gardens." A third story was added to the "original building about the end of the sixteenth century; but the present uniformity of the windows was not completed till the year 1675." The Chapel and Hall occupied the north side of the quadrangle, the Library the east, and the Warden's and Fellows' lodgings the south and west sides. R. Ackermann,^* who is quoted above, wrote of the Chapel as follows:

"The Chapel which traditionary history represents as originally possessing the utmost splendour and magnificence, still retains the first place among the sacred edifices of the university. In its primary state it may be supposed to have remained till the Reformation disrobed it [ca. 1550] of the sumptuous furniture, and despoiled it of the costly decorations with which Popish superstition had enriched and adorned it. … the building retained, in a great degree, its original appearance, till the year 1636, when the old stalls and desks being removed, others supplied their places, and the wainscot was adorned with paintings of the Apostles, Saints, &c . At the same time, the screen, curiously painted and gilt, was erected; over which was placed an organ by Dolham, since improved by Green and Byfield, and represented by Wood as the best instrument of that kind in England in his day: the floors, both of the outer and inner, were also paved with black and white marble. It appears that, in 1550, the high altar displayed a range of niches, which were filled up with stone and mortar when the images of gold and silver that had occupied them were taken away: it was then covered with plaister, on whose removal, in 1695, some broken statutes were discovered, and the whole refitted with various ornamental work in wood, gilding, and painting. … In this state the chapel 226 remained till 1789, when the decayed state of the roof induced the society to order a complete repair of the structure. The old wall at the east end was once more discovered, with some remains of its beautiful niches and fret-work. They were altogether removed, and the wall restored, under the direction of Mr. Wyatt, to as near a resemblance of its original appearance as his genius and taste could conjecture. … [the windows described.] "

A view of the Chapel from Ackermann's history of the College of circa 1814 follows.

THE CHAPEL AT NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
A view of the Chapel, originally erected by 1386, but altered in 1550, 1636, 1695, and 1789 — being "restored" to its early appearance in the latter year. [See brief account of the Chapel on the preceding page]. This picture from Ackermann's history of Oxford, published in 1814 .

THE CHAPEL OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Pembroke College was founded at Cambridge ca. 1347, by Mary of Chatillon, daughter of Guy IV, count of St. Pol, and widow of Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke. King Henry VI was also a liberal benefactor to the college. The College consists of three courts, the original quadrangle known as the "Old Court," at the northwest corner of the site, the "New Court," on the east of the first, its buildings erected between ca. 1610-1659, and the third or "Chapel Court," to the south, built after that. There were many changes in the buildings in the years that followed, and they were greatly added to and altered between the years 1870 and 1883.

The original Chapel was in the "Old Court," and its erection was begun 1367. It served as the Chapel, with repairs and alterations, until a new Chapel was erected in 1663-1665. In 1690 the old Chapel was altered for a Library.

The new Chapel, designed by Christopher Wren, has been described as:

"…an oblong apartment in the Corinthian style, almost without external ornament. There was once a large clock above the west window. The interior is plain, with a flat plaster ceiling. The woodwork is the same that was originally set up. The organ, over the screen at the west end, was the work of Charles Quarles of Cambridge. …"

Wren's new Chapel was consecrated on September 21, 1665. Contracts for the brick-work and woodwork in Wren's Chapel have survived. The walls of the Chapel "above the second Plint up to the Roofe" were to "contain in thicknes fower bricks in length," and the "Heads and sides of all the Bricks wch shall appear outwards shall be all ground, and fine joynts made." The "work under the windowes" was to be "sett out 2 or 3 Inches to the thiknes of ye second Plint, and so ordered that ye Bricks shall rise in the midst after ye forme of Stonework if the Modell so require it." Cornelius Austin, "Richard Billopps and William his sonne," of Cambridge, joyners, agreed to "find, provide and prepare … good cleane and substantiall wainscott well seasoned all and without any cracks or flaws " and to "sett up all the said wainscott accordng to a certaine forme and draught of Joyners work agreed upon between the said parties with 14 seates on each side the chappell, and two returning on each side the doore beneath the 229 organ loft, and with a large Cornice all round that inner chappell: … to be finished, so that the said inner chappell shall be in a readinesse for the laying of a marble pavement before the dedication of the said chappell. …" They were also to provide "good wainscot for the two Rowes of the lower seates descending from the upper seates and answering thereunto, and for the carved work within the said chapell viz. for the Festoones and for the Capitalls." They were to be paid £5 :12: 6 for "every of the forenamed seates (being in all thirty two seates) with the two outer seates answering unto them"; and were to provide all materials and wainscot of oak at their own charge. For the "Cornice from the ends of the seates round the east end and also over the doore to the inner chappell," they were paid at the rate of 16-shillings a yard, furnishing all materials.

The following photographs, made by Mr. J. Frith in 1967, show the Chapel of Pembroke College looking east and looking west, the Communion rails, the details of carving on the panelling, the ceiling, and the candelabrum in the ante-chapel.

THE CHAPEL AT PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Chapel, looking East. This Chapel was designed by Christopher Wren, and built 1663-1665. [See preceding pages 228 and 229 for account of building, etc.] The Chapel measures 73-feet by 26-feet. The arched opening and the columns containing the sanctuary are an eastward extension of 1880, when the East wall was moved back 12-feet. All the rest is original except the front desks which are modern [see report of Mr. J. Frith].

THE CHAPEL OF PEMROKE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Chapel (which measures 73 -feet by 26-feet) looking West. The Chapel was designed by Christopher Wren, and built 1663-1665. All of the interior here shown is original except the front desks, and the organ cases of 1707. [See pages 228 and 229 for account of Chapel, and Mr. Frith's report of February, 1967.]

THE CHAPEL OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Communion Rail in the Chapel, designed by Christopher Wren, and built 1663-1665. [See pages 228 and 229 for account of the Chapel. See also page 230 for view of east end of the Chapel.] This oak Communion rail was shortened and reset during the 1880 extension of the sanctuary. Photograph by Mr. Frith, 1967 .

THE CHAPEL OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Details of carving on in Chapel at Pembroke College, which was designed by Christopher Wren, and erected 1663-1665. The panelling was made by Cornelius Austin. [See account of the Chapel, pages 228 and 229.] Photograph by Mr. J. Frith, 1967.

THE CHAPEL OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the ceiling of Pembroke College, looking East. This Chapel was by Christopher Wren, and built 1663-1665. [See pages 228 and 229 for an account of the Chapel.]

THE CHAPEL OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of Candelabrum in the ante-chapel at Pembroke College. The Chapel was designed by Christopher Wren, and erected 1663-1665. [See account of the Chapel pages 228 and 229.] This candelabrum is said to be "very reminiscent of a larger one hanging in the Chapel of Wren's Chelsea Hospital.

THE CHAPEL OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY

Queen's College at Oxford was founded in 1340, by Robert de Eglesfeld, of the county of Cumberland, confessor to Queen Philippa, (wife of King Edward III), for whom it was named. It was built in the usual quadrangular form, the Chapel and Hall being completed before the end of the century.

The present Library was completed outside in 1694. The area in which the present buildings were erected form "an oblong square of three hundred feet in length and two hundred and twenty in breadth, which is divided by the chapel and hall into two spacious courts." The foundation stone of the south court was laid on February 6, 1710, being Queen Anne's birthday. The Chapel and Hall are on the north side of this quadrangle or court. The design of the buildings has been attributed to Nicholas Hawksmoor, and his "great master, Sir Christopher Wren."

The new Chapel, whose interior is of the Corinthian order, measured 100-feet long and 30-feet broad. Its foundations were laid on February 6, 1713/14 (again on Queen Anne's birthday), and it was consecrated on All Saints day, 1719, by Sir William Dawes, Archbishop of York. Some of its windows were brought from the old Chapel, painted by Van Linge, and repaired by Price in 1715, and four of the windows brought from the old chapel are supposed to have been executed nearly three centuries earlier. The Chapel was described by R. Ackermann, circa 1814, as follows:

"… the ceiling is decorated with a painting of the Ascension, by Sir James Thornhill; and in the middle window is the Holy Family, by Price. Beneath it is a copy, by Mr. Cranke, of La Notte, The Night, Corregio's celebrated work in the Dresden Gallery… In the two windows on the south side of the chancel, are, The Ascent from the Sepulchre, and The Last Ascension. In those on the north side, The Resurrection of the Dead, and The Last Judgment. … [The four windows on the north side and the four on the south side of the Chapel are also described.] Underneath the chapel is a Sepulchral vault, in which, among others, the remains of Dr. Smith and Dr. Halton [Timothy Halton, Provost of Queen's 1677, Joseph Smith, Provost, 1730] are deposited. In the passage between the hall and the chapel are their monumental inscriptions."^*

The illustration of the Queen's College Chapel which follows is by A. Pugin, published in Ackermann's history of the College in 1814.

QUEEN'S COLLEGE CHAPEL, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Built between 1714 and 1719, its design attributed to Nicholas Hawksmoor, and influenced by his teacher, Christopher Wren, this Chapel measured 100 feet long by 30 feet broad. [See preceding pages 236 and 237 for a description of its windows and the painting, La Notte, over the altar.] This picture is by A. Pugin, published in Ackermann's history of the College in 1814.

THE CHAPEL AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

The site of Trinity College, founded at Cambridge in 1546 by King Henry VIII, was originally occupied "by two Colleges, Michael House and King's Hall, and by seven Hostels for students." Some of the original buildings were repaired and altered, some were pulled down, and some new buildings were erected around a large court or quadrangle. A new Chapel was built ca. 1567; the present Hall and Kitchen were built in 1604-1605; and the present Library was built ca. 1676-1690, after a design by Sir Christopher Wren.

The Chapel, originally part of King's Hall, was used until a new Chapel was completed circa 1567. This Chapel measured 205 feet long by 33 feet broad, and was divided "into twelve bays of equal size, each lighted by a window on the north and south sides, except the westernmost bay, in which there is no window on the north side; and the fourth bay from the east end, where the east range of the Great Court abuts against the Chapel. The original division into quire and ante-chapel is indicated by a space 12 feet wide between the fourth and fifth bays from the west end; and by an external turret-stair on the north side, which was evidently intended to give access to a rood-loft." ^* The measurements of this Chapel have been preserved: 36-feet long from the east end to "Backside of ye present Altar piece"; from Altar to seats 24-feet; from east end of the seats "to ye Organ Screen," 70-feet; the Ante-chapel 65 feet long, and the "Breadth of Quire 18-feet long."

A number of changes and alterations were made in the Chapel during the years that followed; and at the beginning of the 18th century it was again in need of a thorough repair. Contributions were collected "to repair and beautify the Chappel of the said College," the work to cost about £3000. The work was begun in 1706 and was still going on in 1718. One of the changes made at this time was the blocking up of "the east window, and placing the altar against the east wall." Later in the century "a lofty baldacchino of oak was erected over the altar," consisting of "a semicircular arch, springing from four Corinthian columns, and surmounted by a pediment, richly decorated with arabesques, vases, cherubim, and other devices in fashion in the last [18th] century." Over the altar within this "baldacchino" was the picture of "St. Michael binding Satan, by West," presented in the last half of the century. Further changes were made in 1832, and again in 1868-1875. In these last years the altar-piece was replaced by the present altar-piece representing "the completed Triumph of Christ, in the Entombment crowned by the Ascension."

The following photographs were made (1967) by Mr. J. Frith, photographer of Eton, and show the Ante-chapel, the Chapel, the reredos, and Communion rails — all the woodwork shown of the 18th century, according to Mr. Frith.

THE ANTE-CHAPEL OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) showing the Ante-Chapel looking East. Built in 1557 this Ante-chapel measures 69 ½ feet by 34 feet. The screen and organ case here shown are ca. 1735.

THE CHAPEL OF TRINITY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Chapel looking East. This Chapel was built in 1567; it measures, excluding the ante-chapel, 135 feet by 34 feet. The woodwork shown is of the 18th century, when alterations and repairs were made [see preceding pages 239-240 for account of Chapel.] The altar-piece is 19th century, it shows the entombment of Christ, crowned by the Ascension (see following photograph). The roof is 16th century with 19th-century painting and gilding; and the extra rows of seating and "the wrought iron desks in front of the center blocks of stalls are late 19th century," according to Mr. Frith, the photographer.

THE CHAPEL OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
A closer view (see preceding photograph) of the chancel, altar, and altar-piece at Trinity College Chapel — the Chapel built in 1567; the woodwork shown of the 18th century. The altar-piece is 19th century; it shows the entombment of Christ, and the Ascension [see pages 239 and 240 for brief account of the Chapel.]

THE CHAPEL OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Closer view of the Communion rail (see photographs, pages 242 and 243) in the Trinity College Chapel. The Chapel was built in 1567; but the woodwork is of the 18th century. [See pages 239 and 240 for brief account of the Chapel.]

THE CHAPEL OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the west end of the Chapel (see photographs pages 241 and 242 for view of east end, and pages 239 and 240 for brief account of Chapel.) This Chapel was built in 1567, but the woodwork here shown is circa 1735.)

THE CHAPEL AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

Founded by William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, charter dated 1350, Trinity Hall consisted of a quadrangle about 115-feet long and 80-feet broad [see page 182 for brief account of its Hall, which was rebuilt 1742-1745.]

The original Chapel at Trinity Hall stood on the South side of the principal court or quadrangle, occupying only the western half of this side. In 1729 the "Beautifying the Chapel and south side of the College" was undertaken. James Essex (father of the architect of that name) joined with Charles Cass, mason, in accomplishing this work, with funds furnished by Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, master of Trinity Hall, 1710-1735. At this time, the "walls were plastered, and a parapet added in the same manner as the north side had been finished, Two window cases of Ketton stone and four round windows are mentioned" in accounts of the work. In his will, dated 1740, Sir Nathaniel Lloyd left the sum of £3,000 "to raise the Hall conform to the Chapel."

A description of the Chapel prior to the 1729 changes has survived; as has an account of the work done at that time, written in 1745:

"A.D. 1729. Sometime before Midsummer ye old Wainscot and Stalls etc. in ye Chapel were begun to be taken down, ye Stone and brick pavement taken up, the Grave design'd for ye Master [Sir Nathaniel Lloyd — died in 1745] in ye Southeast corner of ye Chapel digg'd and lin'd with brick by his own order; the whole Chapel repair'd, and new wainscotted, and pav'd with marble, and beautify'd at ye charge of ye Master Sr Nathaniel Lloyd out of ye Thousand pounds which he had before given to ye College, except ye Picture for ye Altar-Piece in a gilded frame given by Dr Chetwode. As ye work was going on, Divine Service was perform'd in ye Hall or Parlour according as either suited with ye convenience of e College, 'till April 16, 1730: but ye work was not completely finished 'till December 1730: … All ye Windows in ye Chapel and Ante-Chapel alter'd: The painted glass taken away; The Ante-chapel wainscotted with ye old wainscot of ye Chapel and painted: The old Arras Hanging for ye Altar piece taken away, and a Picture of ye Virgin Mary presenting our Saviour in ye Temple set up in its 247 room, given (as before-mention'd) by Dr Chetwode Fellow of this College… bought with three others of ye same size in Flanders. The Picture is 12 Feet 4 inches deep, and about 8 foot broad. New wainscot all round ye Chapel. Altar inclos'd with Iron rials painted and fasten'd into ye Stones, but afterwards taken up again, and others plac'd there in a different manner. The side-walls and west end of ye Chapel done with Hard finishing (as 'tis call'd) and Stucco-work. The great Cross-beam taken away. The Cieling wrought curiously in Stucco, and work'd into 25 Pannels with Heliotropes, and Shields for arms, and Mitres gilded, and more particularly so in that part of ye Cieling which is over ye Altar. An Iron-work'd Desk for ye Bible in which ye Scholar of ye House reads ye Lessons for ye Day. Fourteen new Folio Common Prayer Books. Communion Table cover'd with blue velvet which (together with a blue velvet Cushion with Gold Lace) is enrich'd with Gold Fringe and Lace. Two blue velvet Cushions with Gold Tassles and edging for ye Master's and President's Desks. Also Two Blue Silk Damask Curtains for ye Master's and President's seats. Long blue freeze Cushions for ye Scholars to kneel on. The old Door passage in ye Antechapel from ye Master's Lodge stop'd up, and a new one made in ye middle fronting ye Altar."

Another account described the Chapel as "a neat and elegant small Room, more like a Chapel of a Nobleman's Family, than of a Society." The Chapel remained in this state until 1864; except for some additional seats which were put up in 1853. It was enlarged in 1864 by taking down the east wall and adding the old Treasury, a space of about nine feet in depth, over which a flat roof was constructed. In 1877 the Chapel was further decorated — stained glass was put in four windows, the walls were "enriched with additional gold and colour, and a fresco representing the Baptism of Christ executed on the west wall."

The Chapel measured 40 feet by 18 feet, the eastward addition or Sanctuary, as noted above, was added in 1864. Photographs of the east and west ends of this Chapel, and of its ceiling, follow, made by Mr. J. Frith in 1967.

THE CHAPEL AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) looking East. This Chapel was altered and beautified in 1729-1730 [see account of work done then on preceding pages 246 and 247] when it was newly wainscoted, paved with marble, and a new alter-piece, depicting "the Virgin Mary presenting our Saviour in the Temple," painted in Flanders, was put up. The Chapel measures 40 feet [illegible] [The desks to the lower benches here shown are modern [illegible]

THE CHAPEL AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the West end of the Chapel at Trinity Hall. The Chapel, which measures 40 feet by 18 ½ feet, was altered and "beautified" in 1729-1730, the wainscotting and marble floor here shown was put in. [See account of the Chapel, pages 246 and 247.] The gallery front, and the achievements-of-arms, are modern, as are the desks to lower benches — the rest circa 1730.

THE CHAPEL OF TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
This wrought-iron lectern, or "Desk for ye Bible in which the Scholar of the House reads the Lessons for the Day," was placed in the Chapel circa 1730. [See account of alterations 1729-1730, pages 246 and 247.]

THE CHAPEL OF TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
This ceiling in the Chapel of Trinity Hall, "wrought curiously in Stucco, and work'd into 25 Pannels with and Shields for arms, and Mitres gilded," was done during alterations to the Chapel [see pages 246 and 247 for an account of the work.]

THE CHAPEL OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE

Winchester College was founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (who also founded New College at Oxford) the College at Winchester being chartered in 1382. Winchester College consisted of "two quadrangles, with an independent cloister on the south." [See pages 132-134 for brief account of the College.] Most of the buildings were erected between 1387 and 1395 — the Chapel being consecrated in the latter year.

R. Ackermann^* (1816) stated that the Chapel was "an excellent specimen of Gothic architecture," and described its interior as follows:

"…The approach to it is through an ante-chapel, in which there is a recess to the south: on part of this recess stands the tower just mentioned, containing five bells. The chapel is 102 feet long, and in breadth equal to the hall, viz. 33 feet. The ceiling is wood, wrought in imitation of stone. It is handsomely executed, and rich; … In the chapel ceiling, the greatest part of the roof is divided into large compartments of tracery…

The wainscoting, the screen, the stalls, and the pavement is white and black marble, are all modern [prior to 1712] and were executed in the wardenship of Dr. Nicholas, a most liberal benefactor to the college. [John Nicholas, D. D. became warden in 1679, coming from New College where he had been warden for four years. He died in 1712.] Considered in itself, the wainscot is beautiful, being formed of raised pannels with mouldings richly carved, and having the altar adorned with columns of the Ionic order, coupled and fluted; an Ionic entablature runs over the whole. …

The windows remain such as they were erected, and are well worthy of attention, particularly the east window. It fills the entire end; in height, from the wainscot to the roof, and in breadth, from side to side of the chapel. Its subdivisions are made with admirable taste The numerous compartments of the window are filled with painted glass, containing chief personages of the Old Testament of whom mention is made in the genealogy of Christ. … Over the altar is a beautiful picture, by 253 Le Moine, representing the Salutation. It was given by the public-spirited and learned Dr. Burton, who, during forty-two years, was Head-Master [1724-1766]. On the north side, near the altar, is fixed the organ. The choir consists of three Chaplains, three Clerks, an Organist, and sixteen Choristers."

The cloisters and the ante-chapel contain a great number of monumental inscriptions, "having been the burying-place of the society" — the College — for "above four hundred years."

An inventory of articles in "the Chappell Vestry and Singing Schoole,"^** at Winchester College was made in August, 1738, listing the following:

"Imprimis Two Silver flagons Dubble Gilt - Wt 16 - 00- 41

Item two Comunion Cups of Silver Gilt wth Covers - Wt - 30 - 00 -24, 1 Silvr Bason duble gilt

Item two Silver Candlesticks duble gilt on the Comunion Table, 2 Silr Extinguishers Duble gilt

Item A Fair Tishew White & Blew Pall, Another Pall of Red & Wht wth Crowns & Starrs of Gold & Silver

Item A PUlpit Cloth of Velvet wth ye Foundrs Arms in ye Midst, Item A Pictr of yye Salutation ye gift of Dr Burton

Item An Alter Cusheon Embroydered with the Description of the Lords Supper

Item A Cusheon of Tawney Satten for ye Use of ye Comunion Table, 1 Bible in 2 Vollms Oxford Editin

Item 6 Books for the Alter Service two of Red Turky Leather and four of Blew

Item 10 Crimson Cusheons & 2 of Green, with Silk and gold Fringes and Tassells

Item One Long Cushion of Green Velvet Branched, Item 18 Cusheons to Sitt on

Item 4 Silk Cusheons of Needle work, Item 2 Holland Comunion Table Cloaths & 2 Napkins

Item 32 Comon Prayer Books for ye Use of ye Mas[te]rs & Choyr, & 2 Emborsed wth Silver at the Alter.

Item One Bible 2 Vollms 2 Testaments, 1 Red Leather & ye Other Russet Leather, 1 Organ, 1 Pulpit

Item An Alter with Railes Aboute it, 8 Foarms, A Lock & Key to the Vestry Door

Item 2 Desks for the Choristers, Item 13 Leather Buckets

254

Item in the Vestry one Long Table with Seats on Either Side & one at the End

Item 2 Brass Candlesticks for ye Warden & Subwarden, & one for the Reading Desk.

Item 8 Brass Candlestick for Masrs & 24 for ye Children.

Item 8 Service & Anthem Books, viz. 2 Trebles, 2 Contratenors, 2 Tenors & 2 Basses

Item 4 Organ Books for Services and Anthems, Item five Bells and A Clock."

A picture of the interior of the Chapel, from Ackermann's history of the College, follows.

THE CHAPEL OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE
A circa 1816 view of the interior of the Chapel, which was consecrated in 1395. It is 102 feet long and 33 feet wide. The wainscoting, screen, stalls, and marble pavement were executed during Dr. Nicholas's wardenship [1679-1712]. The eastern window, of painted glass, dates back to the 14th century: its compartments contain the chief personages of the Old Testaments mentioned in "the genealogy of Christ"; over the altar is the Salutation, painted by Le Moine. [See preceding pages 252-254 for description of Chapel.]

THE COMMON ROOM AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1966) of the Common Room at All Souls College, built on east side of the new or north quadrangle in the early part of the 18th century — Nicholas Hawksmoor (Wren's pupil), who died in 1736, the architect. The room is furnished with tables, chairs, and embossed leather screen — the silver port-boat on the table is 19th century (dated 1810). [See page 199 for brief account of All Souls College.]

THE MASTER'S PARLOUR AT CHARTER-HOUSE
Founded ca. 1611, the Charter-House formerly a Carthusian monastery, which were altered and repaired for use as a school for scholars, and a hospital or almshouse for 80 male pensioners. R. Ackermann stated that there was a handsome house for the master, apartments for school-master and assistants, rooms for the pensioners, and apartments (with common-room, refectory, dormitory, etc.) for the scholars. The above picture, from an aquatint by A. Pugin published in Ackermann's (1816) history of the Charter-House, is of the Master's parlour (Dr. Fisher was master when Ackermann's book was published). A Common-Room for the masters and officials of the school might have been furnished in much the same way. [See preceding page 97 for a brief account of the Charter-House.]

THE "COMBINATION ROOM" [OR "COMMON ROOM"] AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the "Combination Room" at Clare Hall, built ca. 1688-1689, Robert Grumbold, architect, panelling by Cornelius Austin. This room, which measures 31-feet by 27-feet, is over the Buttery, and is between the Library and the Gallery of the college Hall. The door shown opens into the Gallery, and a portion of a window in the Hall may be seen beyond it. It is considered the best proportioned room at Cambridge University. All is original except the modern plaster ceiling, and of course, the furniture. See pages 166 and 167 for account of Clare Hall.

THE "COMBINATION ROOM" [OR "COMMON ROOM"] AT CLARE HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Detail of the fireplace (red marble slips) in the Combination Room at Clare Hall, built circa 1688-1689. (See photograph). The overmantel is ca. 1750, according to Mr. Frith, who made the photograph. The subject of the portrait is not noted — it may be of the foundress, the Countess of Clare, who established the college ca. 1338. Clare Hall was rebuilt in the late 17th century. [See preceding pages 166 & 167.]

THE "UPPER COMMON ROOM" AT QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1966) of the "Upper Common Room" at Queen's College. This room is in the new south court or quadrangle, the foundation stone for which was laid in 1710. Nicholas Hawksmoor, Wren's pupil, was the architect. [See preceding pages 236 & 237 for brief note on Queen's College.]

"COMBINATION ROOM" AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of one of the "Combination Rooms" at Trinity College, of ca. 1771-1775. The College had such rooms in the 16th century. This photograph shows the "Combination Room" (measuring 30 feet by 35 feet) in which all decoration is contemporary (except the fireplace which is not shown, and the glass and ormulu oil light-fitting, which is dated 1809). The chairs and tables are of course modern. [See preceding pages 239-241 for brief note on Trinity College.]

THE "COMBINATION ROOM" AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the larger Combination Room, built ca. 1771-1775 [see preceding photograph for another view of this room. See also pages 239-240 for brief account of Trinity College.]

THE "UPPER SENIOR COMMON ROOM" AT WORCESTER COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Worcester College, founded in 1714 and first housed in what had been Gloucester Hall (ca. 1559-1714), to which changes and repairs had been made early in the 18th century. At that time its "large common room" was wainscoted and sash windows were put in. Later in the century the old buildings were further repaired and some were pulled down for new structures, built according to the design of Dr. George Clarke. Whether in an old or new building, the interior of this "Upper Senior Common Room" at Worcester College, as shown in this photograph (1966), is all eighteenth century.

SILVER COFFEE POTS AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of three coffee pots among the College silver at Trinity Hall which may have been used at times in the Combination Room there. Dr. Monson's 1730 — Dr. Cooper's 1740. Dr. Dean's 1736. [See pages 246 and 247 for brief account of Trinity Hall.]

BOX AT TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Silver tankards and tobacco box with portrait of Queen Anne, now among the College silver at Trinity Hall, which were probably used in the Combination Room; Tankard, Dr. Davenant's 1680; Dr. Well's tobacco box; Mr. Paget's tankard, 1760. [For brief account of Trinity Hall see pages 246 and 247.]

THE "LONG CHAMBER" OR DORMITORY AT ETON COLLEGE
The dormitory at Eton was in an ancient building on the north side of the large front quadrangle, over the Lower School-Room. [See pages 103-104 for brief note on Eton and its buildings, also illustration of the Lower School Room on page 114.] The above photograph [from a print made prior to 1842] shows the dormitory or "Long Chamber" (about 166 feet long, between the Head Master's chamber at its west end, and the Lower Master's at its east end) as it appeared before 1842, when it was divided into cubicles, as it is today. At one time 70 boys slept in this dormitory; after 1716 only 50 boys occupied it.

THE DORMITORY AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL, LONDON
According to R. Ackermann, a spacious new dormitory — "a spacious and elegant building" on "the west side of college garden" — was erected while Bishop Atterbury was Dean of Westminster [1713 - ca. 1720]. By will of 1708, Sir Edward Hannes had left funds for such a building, and additional gifts were later made by Parliament, George I, the Prince of Wales, and others. A part of the building was "fitted up as a commodious theatre" where the King's Scholars presented their annual Latin play. The above print is from an aquatint by A. Pugin, published in Ackermann's 1816 history of the school. [See preceding pages 125 and 126 for brief notes on Westminster School.]

DORMITORY OR STUDY FURNITURE AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE
In the School-Room at Winchester College, built between 1683 and 1687, each boy had what he called a "Scob" in which he kept his books, papers, etc. [See preceding pages 132-136 for brief account of Winchester College, and picture of School-Room and "Scobs."] In the "chamber to which he belongs" each boy also had the above "recepticle for his books, with convenience for writing, &c." which he called a "Toy." According to Miss England, who ordered the above picture, the book-case was "above the flap-lidded desk; below was a cupboard, & at the bottom two further doors which open, where the boy could put his feet, as he sat writing at his opened desk."

STUDENT'S ROOM AT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, ST. ANDREWS UNIVERSITY
St. Andrews, Fifeshire, Scotland
In 1579 St. Mary's College at St. Andrews University was set aside for theology. According to Miss England, the above is an 18th-century "students' room looking West — the room was for two students. A corner of the double bed recess is visible on the left. Each student had a cupboard for personal gear, and these were arranged on either side of the bed recess. The desk in front of the window is modern."

STUDENTS ROOM AT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, ST. ANDREWS' UNIVERSITY
Eighteenth-century students room looking East [see preceding page] showing bed recess and eastmost personal gear cupboard, which, unlike the one at the other side, has no windows.

FIREPLACE IN STUDENTS ROOM, ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, ST. ANDREWS' UNIVERSITY
Fireplace in northern wall of eighteenth-century room for two students [see preceding pages 277 and 278 for views of room.]

THE LIBRARY AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
A new Library, on the north side of the new or north quadrangle at All Souls College, endowed by and named for Christopher Codrington (died 1710), was begun in 1715, but was not completed until 1756. The building, 198 feet long, 32 feet broad except in the central recess to the north, and 40 feet high, contains a gallery on three sides of it, over which are bronze busts of eminent Fellows of the College, cast by Sir Henry Cheere (died 1781), and a large statue of Christopher Codrington. Illustration by A. Pugin, for R. Ackermann's history of the College published in 1814 [see preceding pages 155-156 for notes on All Souls College.] The interior, reading desks, etc. are all original.

THE LIBRARY AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
A photograph (1966) of the Codrington Library at All Souls College, built between 1715 and 1756 [see previous page] showing the original interior, desks and busts of eminent Fellows, and statues, and 18th century library in the gallery. According to Miss England the woodwork is now painted a "Georglan green — actually a grey-green."

THE LIBRARY AT ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1966) of trolley or cart made circa 1775, used for transporting books in the Library. [See preceding pages 284 and 285 for illustrations of and brief data on the Codrington Library.]

THE LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
A new Library at Christ Church was begun in 1715/16, on the south side of Peckwater quadrangle, but it was not covered until 1738, nor completed until 1761. It was built after a design by Dr. George Clarke (d. 1736) of All Souls College. Among many bequests to this Library were 10,000 volumes, the library of Charles Boyle, fourth Earl of Orrery (died 1731), a former scholar; and the books, manuscripts, and cabinets of coins and medals of William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1737), also a former scholar at Christ Church, Ackermann (ca. 1814) described the Library as 141 feet long, and 30 feet broad, and 37 feet high, fitted up "in a fine taste; and the festoons of stucco are charged with symbols, exquisitely worked, of the particular branch of learning over which they are placed."

LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1966) of interior of the new Library at Christ Church, Oxford, completed in 1761 [see illustration and data on preceding page.] The interior shown is original, and the tables, chairs, stools, library steps or ladders, charcoal brazier in the photograph are all of the 18th century (the table and chairs here shown dated about 1780). See followings pages for photographs of the stools, ladders, braziers, and globes in this Library, 289-294) .

THE LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Library stool used in the new Library (completed in 1761) at Christ Church, made by Thomas Chippendale. The Library has a bill for £38 from Chippendale, for two of these stools. [See preceding pages 287 and 288 for pictures of the Library.]

THE LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Tall ladder (five steps) with handle, used in the new Library at Christ Church, completed in 1761. The ladder may have been made by Thomas Chippendale, as its decoration matches that of the low stool (see preceding page), one of two dozen for which the Library has Chippendale's bill.

LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Low ladder (four steps) with handle, used in the new Library at Christ Church, which was completed in 1761. It may have been made by Thomas Chippendale, as its decoration matches the stools (see photograph, page 289) known to have been made by Chippendale.

THE LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1966) of charcoal brazier (copper on an iron stand about 5-feet high) which was used for heating the new Library at Christ Church, completed in 1761. Two of these braziers now stand in the Library, to the left and right of the main entrance, which is in the middle of the long wall (see photograph of the Library, page 288).

THE LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Globe, made by George Adams (died 1773), instrument maker to George III, one of two globes, in their original cases, which now stand on each side of the entrance to the new at Christ Church, which was completed in 1761. [See pictures of the Library, pages 287 and 288.]

THE LIBRARY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Sloping library desk (18th century), once used in the new Library at Christ Church, which was begun in 1716, roofed in 1738 and completed in 1761 [see illustrations of Library, pages 288 and 289]. These desks were replaced by tables, they were considered too cumbersome, and the one photographed is now in storage.

LIBRARY AT JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The staircase and bookshelves in the library at Jesus College — the new Library which was planned earlier, but was finally completed ca. 1677-1679. Note the small staircase, apparently to the gallery; and the bookshelves on which the volumes are arranged alphabetically (the shelf shown is "H") and according to size. The woodwork shown is dated ca. 1679 by the college authorities.

LIBRARY AT QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1966) of the new Library at Queen's College, begun in 1692, and completed several years later. It stands on the west side of the north or interior quadrangle — the foundation stone of the new south quadrangle was laid in 1710 — Nicholas Hawksmoor (Wren's pupil) the architect. It is one of the largest Libraries in Oxford being 123-feet long, "and of a proportionate breadth." R. Ackermann described the Library (ca. 1814) as having "delicately carved" bookcases, and a ceiling, tastefully enriched with compartments in stucco." The above view shows the original woodwork and ceiling with 18th-century furniture and globes. The Library contains a number of early collections of books, manuscripts, and coins, and also portraits of Fellows and Provosts of the College. [See pages 236 and 237 for brief account of Queen's College.]

THE LIBRARY OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1966) of an orrery presented to Queen's College — the gift of several "Gentlemen Commoners" of the College — in 1763. This orrery, in Queen's College Library, is in its original case. [Note: This apparatus shows the positions and motions of bodies in the solar system by balls moved by the wheelwork. It was invented by George Graham ca. 1700, and named for Charles Boyle, fourth Earl of Orrery, for whom a copy was made by J. Rowley, instrument-maker.]

THE LIBRARY OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The orrery in Queen's College Library, presented to the College in 1763 (see preceding page) without its case.

THE LIBRARY AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the Library at Trinity College looking South. This Library, which measures 38 feet wide by 191 ½ feet long, was built in 1677-1699, designed by Sir Christopher Wren. The bookcases in the bays were made by Cornelius Austin. The limewood carvings on the bookcases and elsewhere are by Grinling Gibbons, as were the busts above the bookcases, but only two of the original busts survive. The smaller oak bookcases were made in 1850; the trabeations of the ceiling, though shown in Wren's original drawings, were not added until 1851. [Data from Mr. J. Frith's report on February 1967.]

THE LIBRARY AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Photograph (1967) of the bookcase bays in Trinity College Library (see photograph on preceding page.) Designed by Christopher Wren, the bookcases were made by Cornelius Austin. Note the numbered and lettered shelves. The revolving book rest on the table top was, according to the librarian at Trinity College, one of Wren's less successfully executed ideas, as books tend to fall off when it is turned. [See Mr. Frith's memorandum of February, 1967.]

THE LIBRARY AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
This Library was built 1677-1699, designed by Christopher Wren, the bookcases made by Cornelius Austin. The above photograph (1967) shows the panelling at the end of the bookcases, with a center panel which opens, where the books in the bays were tabulated.

THE LIBRARY OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
This Library, built 1677-1699, was designed by Christopher Wren (see the three photographs preceding the above). The limewood carving in the Library was done by Grinling Gibbons. The above photograph (1967) shows the arms of King William III, over the south door of the Library.

EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

[dated September 30, 1719]

"An inventory of Goods in ye Kitchin .

The Kitchin Door wth 2 locks, 4 keys & 1 Iron bolt.

4 Iron chains wth Iron pins for the windows

1 Fir dresser under comons windows

1 Plank dresser agst north wall

1 Plank dresser in ye middle of Kitchin

1 Pewter chest with a lock & 2 keys

1 Large stove in middle of the Kitchin with 2 pot stoves

2 Iron grates to Stoves, & 24 Irons for the large stove.

2 Iron candlesticks for the stoves

2 Shelves under the dresser in ye middle of ye Kitchin.

3 Wooden racks for spits fastned to ye wall.

A clock & a fir case given by Mr Forster [?] ye use of ye Kitchin.

A Cupboard wth lock key & drawer for detriments.

A large wooden seat with a salt box to it

A roasting rang with 4 Iron hooks fastned to the back, & 4 iron standards, wth 3 Iron broad bars, & 2 narrow bars.

1 Iron bar to keep up ye hearth of the rang, & 2 Iron bars to keep up ye hearth where dripping pans stand.

An iron slider to shorten ye fire

3 Large Iron dripping pans.

2 Iron racks to lay spits on, wth 6 Iron hooks.

1 Large, 2 lesser beef spits, & 5 Mutton spits

4 pig Irons.

1 Boyling rang wth 3 bars and one slider

1 Broad bar to lay before dripping pan

1 Iron rack wth an Iron drove into back of Chimney.

3 Iron short bars to lay over rang

2 Stoves in Chimney with Iron grates.

2 Irons to lay over the pots

2 Iron bars to keep up the hearth

1 Large brass Pot with a brass cover

1 Large bell mettle pot with brass covers.

2 less bell mettle pots with brass covers.

2 Iron dripping pans for boiling rang

2 [sic] brass fish pans with Iron handles, & 1 brass pan wthout handles

3 less brass pans tinn'd, one of 'em with a brass cover.

1 Oval brass pan with a cover.

A Large brass butter pan tinn'd.

306

4 brass Stove pans with Iron handles

2 brass Calenders tinn'd.

1 Iron large pan to draw ye meat into, wth one less iron pan.

3 Iron small pans to put fish in with Iron handles

2 brass potage ladle.

2 brass scummers.

1 brass slice wth an Iron handle .

2 smaller brass slices. 2 brass spon ladles, & a tin bread gratr.

1 Oat meal tub. 1 Salt tub.

2 Meat forks. 2 Cleavers

1 Large chopping block upon tressels, wth 2 lesser blocks.

1 Tub wth Iron hoops to wash meat in, & an old wooden bowl. mart - E.C. [sic]

An Iron with a wooden foot to hold a frying pan

A Bell mettle Chaffer with a brass cover

2 Iron trevets with long feet. & 2 Iron round trevets with short feet, and 1 Iron triangular trevet, with one iron trevet to lay over ye boiling rang.

2 herb blocks & 1 firr Ladder

2 Irons driven into ye wall to set spits against [sic]

1 Iron trevet for ye dripping pan at ye boiling rang.

1 Iron large frying pan. 1 large brass frying pan. 1 lesser brass frying pan. 1 little brass frying pan wth an Iron handle

1 Wooden shovel tipt with Iron. 2 Iron shovels with wooden handles.

2 pair of pot hooks.

2 large, 2 lesser, & 1 small Gridiron.

1 pair large tongs. 1 Iron Poker, & 1 Spud wth wooden hand.

1 pair of bellows, 2 coal scuttles, 1 Charcoal basket, [sic]. 3 dutch pails with iron hoops markt E.C.

2 Planks to set porridge pots on under the dresser

2 Tin candle sticks to hang agst ye wall

A wooden case to receive ye Jackweight at the end of ye boiling rang

2 pot stoves at ye end of ye great Stove with Iron grates

A tin flower box, with a drudging box. 2 tin pepper boxes

1 Stone Vinegar bottle.

2 Large Iron fire pot[s] to heat dishes with

1 Copper pot with a copper handle markt Eman: Coll

4 Large 10 pound pewter dishes. 4 seven pound dishes.

6 five pound dishes. 8 four pound dishes.

12, 3 pound dishes, or mess dishes.

307

17 half mess dishes. 22 fruit dishes. 4 Narrow brim'd plates [sic].

6 pewter pye plates. 1 large five pound deep dish. 4 four pound deep dishes. 2 three pound deep dishes.

19.2 Eard porringers. 6 porringers with one ear apiece. [sic] .

2 Small deep dishes. 19 Small sawcers. Six large sawcers.

12 Tin Covers of several sizes markt E.C.

2 Brass basting pans tinn'd 1 Missing

2 Brass Chafing dishes.

In the Lower Larder

A Door wth a lock & key

A Door wth a lock & key & Iron bolts going into ye garden

A Fir dresser board on tressels wth 6 cases of shelves fastned to the wall. & an hanging shelf fastned to ye Joysts.

Two Casements in ye Lower Larder

A Large powdering tub with a Cover

A little powdering tub with a Cover

A square powdering trough wth a stool [sic].

A ---- [?] tub with Iron hoops [sic].

A Block for scouring Pewter

In the Upper Larder.

A Door wth 2 locks, 2 keys, & a bolt.

1 Dresser board of fir fastned to ye Wall.

1 Hanging shelf over the stairs, another in the middle of the Room.

2 Shelves for pewter fastned to ye Wall.

2 Iron Casements.

1 Safe."

³³⁷

WINCHESTER KITCHEN AND LARDER:

"AN INVENTORY OF THE GOODS OF ST MARY COLLEGE NEAR WINTON^* TAKEN THE EIGHT DAY OF AUGUST ANNO DOMINI 1738.

"IN THE HALL AND BUTTERY"

"Imprimis	9 Silver pots great & Small, 12 Silver Spoons, 1 Gilt Spoon, 6 Childrens Potts
Item	1 grt Silver Salt, 8 Trencher Salts, One other great Silver Salt, Mr Will Levens's Tankard
Item	A Great Large Silvr Bowle & Cover ye Gift of Dr Osgood
Item	Dr Barkers Tankard
Item	7 Silvr Wine Bowles, Mr George Verneys Tankard, D Reeves's Gift A Bason & Ewer Wt 88 oz 3 g
Item	Mr Charles Stukleys Tankard, A Grt Doub. Guilt peice of plate wth a Cover ye Marqs of Winchester
Item	A Silvr Salvor wth Mr Holfords Arms, 3 Silvr Castors, 3 Square Tables, 8 Long Cloths, 5 Long Towells, 11 Gispins [Gispin — a leathern pot or cup]
Item	10 Doz. of Napkins, 12 Square Table Cloths, 3 Large Election Cloths, one Kiver
Item	10 Oister [?] Cloths, 4 Port-panes 9 Long Cloths for ye Children, One Side Cupboard Cloth
Item	1 Chiping Board, 1 Press, 1 Cupboard, 1 Chest, 1 Settle, 1 Little Binn, & one Duble Binn
Item	6 Childrens Salts, 1 pareing Iron, 2 Table Baskets, 2 Chiping Knives, 1 Bread Basket, 1 Shovell
Item	1 Salt Tubb, 4 Table-Boards in the Hall, the Founders Picture, One Alms Tubb

IN THE KITCHEN AND LARDER

Imprimis	11 Dishes Mark'd wth ye figure 7, 12 Dishes Mark'd wth ye figure 6, 4 Soup Dishes, 18 Gomers
Item	32 Dishes wth ye figure 5, 24 wth ye figure 4, 40 wth ye figure 3, 15 with the figure 2
Item	2 Brass Potts, 3 Brass Ladles, 2 Lead Water Cisterns, 2 Lead Troughs for Brine
Item	1 Copper Pasty-pan, 2 Wooden Racks for Pewter, 1 ing Knife, A Large Beam & Scales
Item	2 Led Waites 56 lb Each, 2 Wts 28 lb Each, 1 Weight 14 lb, 1 Weight 2 lb one Wt one pound.
Item	2 Brass Skimers, 2 Slices, A Pump, 3 Brass pans, 2 Fish plates of Tinn, 12 Doz. of Plates
309
Item	12 Brass Pudding-pans, 2 Brass Stew-pans, 2 Wooden Trays, 3 Tin Covers
Item	2 Pewter Pasty plates, 2 Cleavers, one Minceing Knife, two Salt Tubbs
Item	2 Pottage Tubs, 1 Tub to wash Dishes in, 2 Brass Buckets, 1 Shovell, 1 par of Bel lows, 1 Grate
Item	1 Brass Cullender, 2 Racks, 7 Spits, 1 Gridiron, 1 Trivet, one Brass pot-Lid
Item	A Brass Morter & Iron pestle, A Marble Morter & Wooden pestle, A frying-pan
Item	1 Fire pan, 1 Iron peele, 2 Iron Oven lids, 1 Wooden peele, 1 Flower Tubb
Item	1 Oatmeale Tub, 2 Coale Rakes, 1 par of pot-hooks, 1 Moveable Stove of Iron
Item	1 Beefe forke, 2 pair of Scales, 4 Driping-pans, 1 forke for ye fire, 6 Pewter Pye Plates
Item	1 Lanthorne, 1 Peck, 1 Gallon, 1 Quart, 1 Pinte, [measures] 1 Flower-Tub, 1 Basting Ladle
Item	6 Earthen pans & potts, 1 Kiver, 1 Flat Tub, 1 Rudder for binders, a Wheele Barrow.

…"

THE KITCHEN AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
This picture of the Kitchen at Christ Church, by A. Pugin, appeared in R. Ackermann's history of the college, published in 1814 [see 315 for view of Christ Church quadrangle.] Founded by Cardinal Wolsey in 1525, Ackermann stated that the Kitchen was the "first part of the projected buildings," and the time of his writing it still retained its original appearance. It has been said that the Kitchen being the "first part of the projected buildings," and at the time of his writing it still retained its original appearance. It has been said that the Kitchen being the first completed of all Wolsey's buildings caused some amusement in "the outer world of Oxford" — and that Wolsey's "recognition of the dependence of the spirit on the body" has been "ingeniously defended … in a well-remembered University sermon." [See Andrew Clark, The Colleges of Oxford (London: 2nd ed., 1892), page 312.]

ETON COLLEGE KITCHEN
Photograph (1966 by Mr. J. Frith) of the Eton College Kitchen — showing the range, with utensils of varying ages, all in use 1700-1800 , and some still used, according Mr. Frith. The Kitchen at Eton College was built circa 1450, extensively altered and repaired in 1507-1508, and little changed thereafter. [See Willis & Clark, The Architectural History of … the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton (Cambridge: 1886) Vol. I, page 453.]

ETON COLLEGE KITCHEN
Photograph (1966 by Mr. J. Frith) of a clockwork roasting jack, in use in the Eton College Kitchen until 1922. It was made in the 1700's by John Davis of Windsor.

ETON COLLEGE KITCHEN AND BAKEHOUSE
The above items have been removed from Eton College Kitchen and Bakehouse for preservation. [The Kitchen, built circa 1450, was extensively altered in 1507-1508, and has been little changed since as far as construction is concerned. A new Bakehouse and Brewhouse, to the west of the Kitchen was built circa 1714.] At the top above is a lead Water Tank (or Cistern) which held 25 gallons, which was installed in the Kitchen at Eton in 1715. See date at top. Below is the Bread Oven Fire Door from the Bakehouse of circa 1714.

CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The above drawing of Christ Church quadrangle, dated 1675 in David Loggan's Oxonia Illustrata (Oxford: 1675). Christ Church was founded in 1525 by Cardinal Wolsey, and three sides of its quadrangle, the east, south and west sides (containing the Kitchen, the Hall, Lodgings, etc.) were completed before Wolsey's death in 1530. Plans for the completion the north s1de were interrupted by the Civil Wars, and the work did not proceed unt1l after the Restoration. This original quadrangle is almost a perfect square, measuring 264-feet by 261-feet. The Peckwater quadrangle, and the Canterbury quadrangle were later additions of Christ Church.

ETON COLLEGE
The above view of Eton College by David Loggan was published in his Cantabrigia Illustrata (Cambridge: 1690). [See preceding pages 103-114 for brief account and pictures of Eton College.] Loggan's view shows (A) the Chapel, (B) the Upper School [replaced ca. 1694 by a new School designed Christopher Wren — see following illustration for, exterior of the new school, and pages 105-107 for the school-room in it], (C) Library, (D) Hall, (E) Provost's Lodge, (F) Long-Chamber [see illustration of interior, page 274] (G) the Kitchen, (H) the Bakehouse, (I) the Brewery, (K) the Slaughterhouse, (L) the Pigeonhouse, (M) the Provost's Garden, (N) the Fellows' Garden, (O) the Stable.

ETON COLLEGE
The new School building at Eton College was built circa 1694, its design attributed to Christopher Wren. [See preceding illustration of the earlier building in Loggan's ca. 1688 view of the Eton quadrangle — see also brief account of Eton College, and interior illustrations of the new School-room, pages 103-113.] The above picture, from the Modern Universal British Traveller (1779), is, according to Mr. J. Frith, photographer of Eton, one of the earliest known pictures of the present Upper School. The low wall was coped with stone in 1753, and the young lime trees were planted in 1754.

WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
The above drawing of the original Wadham College quadrangle in David Loggan's Oxonia Illustrata (Oxford: 1675). This quadrangle was approximately square. The Hall and Chapel are shown on the east side, in the center of which, forming the entrance to the Hall, is a portico with a statue of King James I. in his robes and the royal arms over it. Beneath the statue of the King, are the figures of Nicholas Wadham, the founder, holding in his hand the model of the college, and his wife Dorothy to his left .