Colonial Williamsburg Digital Library

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Ed Chappell and Marley R. Brown, both of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, for providing the Department of Archaeological Research with the opportunity to do archaeology at Prestwould. The staff at Prestwould were wonderful — Julian Hudson, Edith Marks, Clifford Dodson, and building contractor Cecil Underwood all deserve special thanks for making it so easy to complete our work. The field crew, who labored in less than ideal weather conditions, were Greg Brown, Lu Gordon, Meredith Moodey, David Muraca and Sue Trevarthen.

Artifacts were processed in the laboratory at the Department of Archaeological Research. Special thanks are in order to Pegeen McLaughlin-Pullins for helping to coordinate this effort and to volunteers Tom Olds, Lewis Madson, and Jane Mary Gay for washing and numbering the artifacts. Other Colonial Williamsburg staff deserve thanks as well. Vanessa Patrick of the Department of Architectural Research compiled much of the information on house from primary documentation and Willie Graham and Jeff Bostetter, also of Architectural Research, provided needed information. Ann Smart Martin graciously provided me with results of her research on the Skipwith Papers. Gregory J. Brown edited and helped format this report.

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	Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	i
LIST OF FIGURES	iii
INTRODUCTION	1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND	1
AFRICAN-AMERICANS AT PRESTWOULD	4
FIELD AND LAB METHODS	6
SLAVE QUARTER ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATION	8
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESULTS	10
Research Design and Excavation Strategy	10
Pier Supports	11
Hearth Base	12
Clay Platform	14
Yard Use and Refuse Disposal	17
Miscellaneous Artifacts	17
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS	18
BIBLIOGRAPHY	22
APPENDICES
Appendix 1.Major Layer Descriptions	25
Appendix 2.Context Record	27
Appendix 3.State Site Form	28
Appendix 4.Artifact Inventory	29

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	Page
1.Prestwould mansion house	1
2.1798 plat of Prestwould plantation	3
3.Prestwould slave quarter under restoration	5
4.Location of archaeological test units	6
5.Flow chart of soil layers	7
6.Plantation and outbuildings plan view	8
7.Elevation of the slave quarter	9
8.Excavation at the quarter	12
9.Groundhog disturbance under hearth	13
10.Elevation of slave house showing clay platform	14
11.Evidence of possible root cellars	16
12.Pharmaceutical bottle	18
13.Coin from the quarter	18
14.Ceramics from the slave quarter	19

1

Introduction

Prestwould is a late 18th-century plantation located on the Roanoke River in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. The property, owned by the Prestwould Foundation, contains many fine examples of late 18th- and early 19th-century outbuildings, in addition to an impressive two and a half story stone mansion house (Figure 1). As part of a long-term project to restore the property's house and grounds, the Prestwould Foundation initiated restoration of a standing late 18th-century slave quarter in late 1991. Beginning in December of that year and continuing into January of 1992, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation's Department of Archaeological Research conducted exploratory excavations at the slave quarter in conjunction with this restoration. The aims of this project were to determine as much information as possible about the dating and construction of the building through a limited excavation. The following report will describe the findings of this project.

Historical Background

The original three-thousand-acre tract of land in Mecklenburg County forming Prestwould Plantation was acquired by Sir Peyton Skipwith in 1765 from William Byrd of Westover. Skipwith, appointed Justice of the Peace in Mecklenburg in 1769 (Executive Journals of the Council of Virginia VI), settled there by the late 1760s or early 1770s. Barring a brief period in the late 1770s, when he leased Hog Island in Surry County, Skipwith continued to live in Mecklenburg County, either at Prestwould or at nearby plantation Elm Hill.

Figure 1. Prestwould mansion house.

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In the late 18th century, Mecklenburg County was on the Virginia frontier and it was in this Piedmont region that an increasing number of Virginia plantersbegan to establish holdings. Unlike the Tidewater, available land was abundant, inexpensive and not depleted of its fertility from two centuries of tobacco crops. One well-known characteristic of Virginia colonial plantations was their self-sufficiency. Often located at considerable distances from nearby towns, plantations had to furnish all of the immediate needs of their residents. Travelers to the colonies often remarked that these plantations appeared to be small towns (Isaac 1982:35) and indeed this was often an apt description, particularly on the larger plantations. Prestwould, located on the Piedmont frontier miles from the closest town of Petersburg, was no exception. Like most plantations, Prestwould existed primarily as an agricultural enterprise; tobacco and corn were grown on its vast acreage, and sheep, pigs and cattle were raised and sold. A mill to grind corn and wheat and a blacksmith shop responsible for manufacturing and repairing tools, hardware and other farm equipment, were also located on the plantation. In addition to being a planter, Skipwith's account books show that he also served as a merchant to the local population. As was common practice among sizable planters in colonial Virginia, Skipwith maintained a small store on the plantation, where he sold imported goods to other county residents. His clients purchased mainly alcohol, fabric for slave clothing, and foodstuffs such as salt, sugar and molasses (Martin 1989). Skipwith's entrepreneurial activities were not limited to his store; he operated a ferry service, his blacksmith served the local community, he maintained a very profitable venture in breeding thoroughbred horses and also served as a banker by lending money through bonds and petty cash.

Extensive documentation for the Skipwith family, including the Skipwith Papers at Swem Library, the Virginia Gazette, and the Mecklenburg County Records, provide information about the establishment and growth of Prestwould Plantation. Although the present mansion was not built until the very end of the 18th century, there was extensive activity on the property prior to this time. Receipts for the purchase of mill stones are found dating as early as 1769, and by 1777 Skipwith's ferry had become known as a landmark (Patrick 1982).

It is also likely that an earlier dwelling house was constructed on the property. A 1798 plat of Prestwould shows the present mansion surrounded by quarters, outbuildings and shops, and the property is depicted as including a small island between the Staunton and the Dan Rivers, containing tobacco barns and slave quarters (Figure 2). What appears to be an earlier dwelling house is located to the southeast of the 1790s mansion, surrounded by a storehouse, granary, an "old" shop, and several unmarked buildings. This dwelling, which is depicted as a smaller version of the current mansion, may have served as the Skipwith home prior to the mansion's construction.

The construction of the present mansion use apparently began sometime in 1794. The Skipwith Papers contain numerous references to hiring slave masons between 1794 and 1797 and to ordering construction supplies such as window glass, paint and wallpaper from England in 1795. In a letter to stonemason Jacob Shelor, dated October 26, 1794, Sir Peyton Skipwith informed his builder that he wished no more work to be done that winter. At that point, the exterior walls of the house were described as "nearly done" (Skipwith Papers, Box VI, Folder 31).

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Figure 2. 1798 plat of Prestwould plantation.

Upon its completion, the Prestwould mansion would certainly have been one of the most impressive houses in the Piedmont. Constructed of native stone, the house sits imposingly on a high knoll overlooking the Roanoke River to the south. Its two-pile-deep floor plan included four heated corner rooms and two unheated central rooms on the first floor. An 1831 bill for wallpaper lists the names of these first floor rooms as a drawing room, dining room, hall, parlour, saloon and possibly a chamber (Skipwith Papers). The room designations, coupled with their decorative architectural detailing, suggests that they were used primarily as entertaining spaces.

An early 19th-century visitor's perception of Prestwould as a gentry plantation would have been influenced not only by its elaborate interior space, but also by the landscape around the house. An extensive formal garden was laid out on the northeast side of the house in 1801 (Chappell 1987b). Lady Jean Skipwith, Sir Peyton's second wife, is believed to have designed this garden, which contained parterres planted with flowers, vegetables, and fruit and nut trees. A greenhouse, whose ruins are still visible, was built in the northwest corner of the garden and an octagonal summer house constructed in the 19th century overlooks the garden and the river.

Skipwith continued to add to his acreage at Prestwould throughout the period from 1773 to 1793, so that at the time of his death in 1805, the plantation consisted of 4470 acres along both sides of the Dan River (Skipwith Papers, Box XXIV, Folder 3). Sir Peyton Skipwith ranked in the upper four to six percent of Mecklenburg County landholders during the last two decades of the 18th century, with only one other person in Mecklenburg County owning more land in 1805. An inventory completed after Skipwith's death showed his total estate as valued at approximately £20,000.

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After 1805, the plantation continued to prosper under the direction of Skipwith's widow, Lady Jean. Upon her death in 1826, their son Humberston Skipwith inherited the property, leaving it to his son Fulwar when he died in 1863. The house and a portion of the property remained in the Skipwith family until 1946 (Oettinger n.d.), at which time the mansion and many of its furnishings were sold. In 1963, the house and forty-six acres of land surrounding it were purchased by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, and subsequently used as the headquarters of the Roanoke River Museum. Today the property is owned solely by the Prestwould Foundation, which was organized in 1956 as a non-profit local historical society.

African-Americans at Prestwould

Prestwould Plantation's primary documents and untapped archaeological resources are a potential gold mine of information about the African-Americans residing there in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. This property survived and flourished in large part due to the labor of African-Americans, first as slaves, and later as tenant farmers. At Prestwould there exists the chance to study, through documents and archaeology, the progression from an enforced system of labor to one which, in many ways, was equally exploitative.

The Skipwith Papers contain numerous references to the slaves of Prestwould Plantation and their work. At the time of his death, Skipwith owned 235 slaves, a number which ranked him near the top slave owner for the county. In addition to those African-Americans who would have been general agricultural workers and domestic help, thirteen of the slaves were identified in the 1805 inventory by their trade. These included a mason, ferryman, cook, carpenter, and postilion. These slaves would have been housed on the plantation property, generally in groups or clusters of specially-constructed housing called quarters. A quarter complex contained housing for slave families, gardens, communal cooking or socializing areas, and usually a corncrib. Larger plantations, such as Prestwould, contained a number of quarters dispersed around the plantation: a home quarter, located close to the main house for the residence of slaves who worked in and around the house, and distant, or far, quarters, which were placed near the outlying fields and housed agricultural workers. The 1798 plat depicts five quarters (Horseshoe Quarters, Bluston Quarters, Brass's Quarter and two unnamed groups of buildings) spread along the north and south sides of the Staunton River. Skipwith's inventory also listed five quarters that were in existence in 1805: the Home Plantation, Brass's Quarter, Allen's Creek, the Forrest, and Isaac's Quarter.

In addition to containing what is believed to be the oldest standing slave quarter in Virginia (Figure 3), numerous other quarters and related slave spaces documented in the plantation records and other sources surely survive as archaeological resources. Unfortunately, any archaeological remnants of two quarter complexes and barns located on the island between the Staunton and Dan Rivers have now been submerged by the damming of the Roanoke River. With the rural nature of Prestwould and the surrounding countryside, however, it is highly probable that Bluston and Horseshoe Quarters survive to some extent as archaeological sites. It is also likely that some of the unmarked structures depicted on the plat could have also served as additional slave housing. Kitchens, laundries 5 Figure 3. Prestwould slave quarter under restoration. and stables are some of the plantation's outbuildings which would have likely contained living spaces for slaves adjacent to their work areas.

Because the plantation continued to be occupied into the middle of the 20th century, this site contains archaeological remains relating to antebellum slavery and the lives of African-American tenant farmers from the Reconstruction through the Depression. On postbellum tenant plantations, freed African-Americans often continued to live in their former slave quarters or buildings constructed in much the same fashion. Interviews with former Prestwould residents document a slave cemetery and two log slave houses north of the property's periphery wall, near the current visitor parking lot (Chappell 1987). Although the construction date for these buildings is unknown, they were apparently similar in construction to the surviving quarter and, like it, were still occupied into the early 20th century. Many of the buildings at the plantation, such as the loom house, store and surviving slave house, were used as tenant dwellings after the Civil War and into the early 20th century. The surviving quarter and the loom house, for example, were refitted by Col. W.T. Hughes as tenant houses in the 1920s (Pace 1982).

Archaeological exploration around these and similar buildings has the potential for revealing information about Prestwould's African-American residents. The structural remains of buildings, or at least their footprints, would indicate the size, configuration and construction methods used in Prestwould slave housing. Artifacts recovered from around the quarters would indicate the dating and life span of these structures, as well as providing information on the daily lives, diet and work of the Prestwould slaves.

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Field and Lab Methods

Given the relatively short time period set aside for the examination of the Prestwould slave quarter and the range of questions to be addressed, an excavation strategy had to be formulated to work with these constraints in mind. Archaeological excavation units were placed around the quarter, primarily in areas that were to be disturbed by the reconstruction and in places where it was hoped dating information would be revealed. The locations of these units are shown in Figure 4.

Soil was removed using shovels and trowels, with recent disturbances and topsoil layers usually shoveled out. The soil was removed in layers by unit, using color and textural changes to denote the various levels (Appendix 1). Soil color was determined using the Munsell Soil Color Charts (Munsell 1975). Layers of soil and any features cutting through them were recorded using the standard procedure of Colonial Williamsburg's Department of Archaeological Research. This procedure involves assigning a unique number, known as a context number, to each individual stratum or feature within a test unit. This system facilitates stratigraphic interpretation using the "Harris Matrix" (Harris 1979) (Figure 5). Information about soil color, texture, inclusions, and stratigraphic position (Appendix 2) was recorded on a context record form. All soil was screened through ¼" wire mesh, to facilitate the recovery of small finds. Cultural material from each layer was retained, with the exception of brick and charcoal, whose presence was simply noted. All layers and Figure 4. Location of archaeological test units. 7 Figure 5. Flow chart of soil layers. features within excavation units were mapped in plan and features were bisected and mapped in profile after half their fill had been removed. Photographs of archaeological features and strata were taken as deemed necessary. A state archaeological site form for Prestwould Plantation was completed, and placed on file at the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (Appendix 3). An official state site number, 44MC534, was assigned to the entire plantation.

Processing of the artifacts recovered from the excavation of the Prestwould slave quarter was begun in January 1992 at the Department of Archaeological Research laboratory in Williamsburg. When artifacts were brought to the lab, they were accessioned according to the context number which they had been assigned in the field. After being washed, the artifacts were sorted into general types within groups and each ceramic and glass fragment was labeled with its state site and context number in India ink. Shell, faunal bone and metal artifacts were not labeled.

The next procedure was the preparation of an inventory of the artifacts and the assignment of a terminus post quem date for each group (Appendix 4). This date is established by identifying the artifact in each group for which the most recent documented date of manufacture is known. A terminus post quem or tpq date establishes the earliest date after which the layer or archaeological feature could have been deposited.

All artifacts from the Prestwould slave quarter are the property of Prestwould Plantation and have been returned there for curation. Notes, maps, and records generated during the excavation are on file at Prestwould and at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Department of Archaeological Research.

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Slave Quarter Architectural Information

The standing slave house at Prestwould once formed part of what would have once been the home quarter of the plantation, possible that shown on the 1798 plat as containing nine buildings. Traces of a similar dwelling, which fell into disrepair in the 1970s, are visible twenty feet to the north of the quarter. This building has not been examined archaeologically. Located approximately three hundred feet from the Prestwould mansion (Figure 6), this quarter complex may have housed the slaves who worked in the main house and yard. Charles Ball, an escaped slave from South Carolina stated that the quarters on his former plantation were located "about a quarter of a mile from the dwelling house" (Ball 1837:139) and other early 19th-century slave accounts commented on quarters placed close enough to be within calling distance of the main house (Rawick 1977:179).

The standing building, a frame duplex resting on stone piers, had been constructed in two stages (Figure 7). The eastern portion, measuring 12' × 16', is believed to have been built in the late 18th century. Constructed with handwrought nails, the dwelling contained one room with an end chimney and a riven clapboard exterior. Two doors, one each in the north and south walls, were original to the first period portion of the quarter, as was a small window placed to the west of the south wall door (Graham 1991). Although it would be inadequate as standard housing by modern perceptions, the Prestwould quarter was standard for 18th-century slave dwellings. The majority of slave houses, as well as those of lower class Anglo-Americans during this period, were such poorly-built one-room log structures with dirt floors and sleeping and storage space above the rafters. Given its small size and lack of good interior light, much of the family's daily activities would have likely been conducted outside whenever possible.

Archaeological, photographic and other written evidence suggests that African-American housing generally changed very little during the 19th and into the 20th centuries. The Figure 6. Plantation and outbuildings plan view. 9 Figure 7. Elevation of the slave quarter. Prestwould cabin also conforms with 19th-century descriptions of quarters throughout the South, such as this one by Vinnie Rusby of Mississippi:

The cabins we lived in was built of logs split open and pegged together…. The cabins didn't have but about one window and two doors. One door at the front and one at the back (Rawick 1977:309).

Sometime around 1820, an addition was constructed at the western end of the building, more than doubling its size to 42' × 12' so then the structure could accommodate two families. Although the form and general character of the new section did not change, the framing for the second period addition was much more substantial than that of the first period section, with architectural detailing characteristic of early 19th-century houses (Chappell 1991). Cut nails, common after circa 1805, were used in the new construction and at least two windows on the south wall were glazed (Graham 1991). An interior stone and brick hearth, constructed at the time of the addition, served both sides of the duplex and a wooden floor was added on both sides of the building. With the construction of the addition and some of its detailing, the cabin took on more of an appearance of what 19th-century agricultural journals were considered ideal slave housing. One of these journals stated

Houses for negroes should be elevated at least two feet above the earth, with good plank flooring, weather proof, and with capacious windows and doors for ventilation, a large fireplace, and wood convenient…. One sixteen or eighteen feet square is not too large for a man and a woman and three or four small children (quoted in McKee 1989).

As with any structure which continues in use for extended periods, the Prestwould quarter experienced structural modifications. It is likely that the original house faced north, 10 along the present lane. Architectural analysis of the building's framing suggests that this orientation was changed sometime in the 19th century, when two large second period doorways were cut into the south wall of the building (Chappell 1991) and new windows were placed between the chimney and doors. The slave quarter was rehabilitated in the early 20th century and used as tenant housing (Pace 1982; Chappell 1986:32). At this time, the windows were enlarged, sheathing was added to the building interior, and a ladder stair was added for access to the attic space (Chappell 1986:33). Although there is no evidence of an interior door between the two rooms, it is possible that the partition wall south of the chimney was knocked out, joining the two halves of the building. An early 20th-century French fashion plate, tacked to framing joists within the western half of the quarter, is a remnant of this tenancy period. The building was occupied into the 1940s or early 1950s and then used for storage.

Archaeological Results

Discussion and Recommendations

As sometimes seems to be the case, archaeology generated more questions than it answered at the Prestwould quarter. Unfortunately, recent disturbances and other activities around the building prevented any definite conclusions from being formed about the dating of the slave quarter, although some tantalizing clues were revealed. The biggest mystery that has been raised is whether the eastern, or older, portion of the quarter was moved to its present location sometime in the second or third quarter of the 19th century. Several lines of evidence suggest this is likely. The most important clue is the fragment of post-1820 earthenware found under one of the older section's stone piers. While this may simply indicate that the pier was rebuilt after 1820, additional evidence suggests otherwise. The lack of late 18th- and early 19th-century artifacts in the soil around the quarter lends support to the theory that the eastern portion of the building was moved to its present location immediately prior to the construction of the western addition sometime after 1820. Figure 12. Pharmaceutical bottle. Figure 13. Coin from the quarter. 19 Figure 14. Ceramics from the slave quarter. Of all the ceramic fragments (68) found in the units around the slave quarter exterior, 77% of them began manufacture after 1820 (Figure 14).

This lack of pre-1820 ceramics could suggest several possibilities:

• that the slaves living there in the 18th century had no access to durable consumer goods;
• that the artifacts dating from this time period were deliberately removed from the site; or
• that the slave quarter was not standing in this location in the late 18th and early 19th century.

It is not likely that the scarcity of debris could be accounted for by the slaves' lack of access to material goods. Excavations on 18th- and 19th-century Virginia slave sites have recovered a wide variety of ceramic, glass and metal items owned, used and discarded by slaves. The second and third options are much more likely. It is possible that the garbage was removed or swept from around the house before the 1820s, given the lack of yard refuse and soil present in the yard, and that disposal or sweeping practices changed once the western half of the building was constructed. However, it is more likely that the eastern portion of the quarter was moved to its present location after 1820 and then enlarged.

In addition to explaining the lack of early ceramics, glass and other materials, this hypothesis would also account for the lack of earlier hearth remains under the present 20 fireplace. Perhaps larger-scale excavation around the quarter might provide further and more conclusive evidence of whether a portion of the building was moved onto the lot. Dendrochronological analysis of the framing timbers of both sections of the duplex would at least provide conclusive dating evidence on the two phases of building construction.

Although no conclusive dating evidence was discovered for the building construction, numerous artifacts dating to the postbellum tenancy period were recovered. The artifacts were generally typical of the items you might expect a late 19th-/early 20th-century tenant farmer to own: some inexpensive ceramics, glass bottles and jars for milk, beverages, food and patent medicine, food bone, and clothing-related items such as buttons and beads. Lamp chimney glass fragments were evidence of the light source in a household with no electricity. Ceramics in a wide variety of types and patterns were found, suggesting that dishes were purchased not as sets, but as replacements for individual broken vessels. This agrees with 19th-century archaeological evidence and store ledgers from Waverley Plantation (Orser 1988:134) and with Agee and Evans' (1941) description of unmatched plates, saucers and glasses in a tenant farm house. These artifacts, and even the house itself, show the lifestyle of Prestwould's tenant farmers was a meager and hard one. Typically, descriptions of early 20th-century tenant farm houses suggest that their furnishings were neither expensive nor abundant (Agee and Evans 1941; Schuyler 1938). It is also relevant that "freed slaves' memories of the house furnishings they had as slaves were remarkably similar" to those after Emancipation (Orser 1988:121), suggesting that the quality of material life changed little from slavery to freedom.

Future potential for archaeological research on African-Americans at Prestwould Plantation is promising. The 1798 plat shows nine buildings located in the vicinity of the standing slave quarter. Although the standing quarter and the ruins of another to its north are the only possible visible traces of these buildings, an inspection of the surrounding topography may offer some clues about additional structures. The quarters were constructed on the gentle slope of a ravine. Observation of the slope shows flat areas where clay pads may have once existed under now-defunct quarters. These possible clay platforms were not as clearly defined as that under the standing structure, which could be explained by the years of being exposed to the weather. Archaeological trenching across these possible clay platforms should confirm or refute this hypothesis. The possible root cellar features under the eastern section of the standing quarter should also be examined. If they are root cellars, excavation of these features would provide artifacts from sealed and possibly tightly-datable contexts. It is also possible that the features were created, used and filled during the first half of the 19th century and would provide evidence of slave life at this time.

Archaeological survey could also locate outlying quarters shown on the 1798 plat and listed in the 1805 inventory, as well as undocumented ones. Quarters which were built, occupied and destroyed within a short time span (twenty to thirty years) would provide the most information about housing and material culture of their occupants. Locating and excavating a range of these buildings on the plantation would show any changes which occurred through time. Additionally, archaeological information from outlying quarters for field workers could be compared with that from quarters which house skilled craftsmen and slaves who worked in the mansion. Differences in access to consumer goods could be tested in this fashion.

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Since Prestwould is documented as having 18th- and 19th-century slave quarters, as well as late 19th- and early 20th-century African-American tenant farm homes, this property also provides an ideal opportunity for studying what changes occurred in the lives of African-Americans after the Civil War and how they adjusted to their lives as free people. It is likely that many of the families who were slaves on the property continued to live there as tenant farmers after the war. Following the same families archaeologically from slavery to freedom would provide an excellent opportunity for charting change.

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Bibliography

Agee, James and Walker Evans

1941

Now Let Us Praise Famous Men: Three Tenant Families. Boston: Houghton

Ball, Charles

1837

Slavery in the United States: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, A Black Man. New York: John S. Taylor.

Chappell, Edward

1987a

Memo to Files dated February 18, 1987 on Prestwould, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. On file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

1987b

Memo to Files dated February 26, 1987 on the Gardens and Conservatory at Prestwould Plantation. On file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

1986

Architectural Recording and the Open-Air Museum: A View from the Field. In Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture II, edited by Camille Wells, pp. 24-36. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.

1991a

Quick Notes on Slave Housing, etc. at Prestwould, Mecklenburg County, Virginia, August 22-23, 1991. On file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

1991b

Prestwould Slave House, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. Notes dated December 18, 1991. On file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Council of Colonial Virginia
Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia.

Graham, William

1987

Strap Hinge, Prestwould Slave Quarter. Memo dated July 1, 1987 on file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

1991

Prestwould Slave House, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. Dated August 23, 1991. On file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Harris, Edward C.

1979

Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. Academic Press, London.

Isaacs, Rhys

1982

The Transformation of Virginia 1740-1790. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

Kelso, William

1971

A Report on Exploratory Excavations at Carter's Grove Plantation, James City County, Virginia (June 1970-September 1971). Unpublished report on file at the Department of Archaeological Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. 23

Kelso, William

1984

Kingsmill Plantations, 1619-1800; Archaeology of Country Life in Colonial Virginia. Academic Press, New York.

McKee, Larry

1989

Virginia Slave Cabins: Documented Intentions Versus Archaeological Realities. Paper presented at the 1989 Society for Historical Archaeology Meeting.

Martin, Ann Smart

1989

The Account Books of Sir Peyton Skipwith: A Brief Consideration of Their Contents. Report submitted to the Skipwith Papers Project for Prestwould Plantation.

Moir, Randall W.

1982

Sheet Refuse: An Indicator of Past Lifeways: In Settlement of the Prairie Margin: Archaeology of the Richland Creek Reservoir: Navarro and Freestone Counties, Texas, 1980-1981, A Research Synopsis, edited by L. Mark Raab, pp. 139-152. Dallas: Southern Methodist University, Archaeology Research Program.

Munsell

1975

Munsell Soil Color Charts. Macbeth/Kollmorgen Corporation, Baltimore.

Oettinger, Mrs. F. N.

n.d.

A History of Prestwould. On file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Orser, Charles E. Jr.

1988

The Material Basis of the Postbellum Tenant Plantation; Historical Archaeology in the South Carolina Piedmont. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.

Pace, Georgia

1982

Interview at Prestwould Plantation, March 5, 1982. On file at the Foundation Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Patrick, Vanessa

1982

Prestwould Archival Research. Memo to Edward A. Chappell dated April 19, 1982, contained in the Prestwould File, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Pittman, William

n.d.

Lab Manual. On file at the Department of Archaeological Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Rawick, George L. (ed.)

1977

The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. 24

Samford, Patricia

1988

Memo to Cary Carson concerning the Carter's Grove Slave Quarters. Memo on file, Department of Archaeological Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.

Samford, Patricia

1990

"Near the Governor's": Patterns of Development of Three Properties Along Williamsburg's Palace and Nicholson Streets in the 18th Century. M.A. Thesis, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.

Schuler, E. A.

1938

Social Status and Farm Tenure: Attitudes and Social Conditions of Corn Belt and Cotton Belt Farmers. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Security Administration, and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Social Research Report No. 4. Washington: Government Printing Office.

Skipwith Papers

n.d.

Special Collections, Earl Gregg Swem Library. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.

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Appendix 1.
Major Layer Descriptions

• 1. Topsoil (Layer 1)
  Contexts—44MC534-1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 17, 25, 27, 36
  Terminus Post Quem—1880
  A dark grey brown (Munsell Color 10YR5/2) sandy clay. Ranges from 5 to 7 cm thick.
• 2. Clay Pad (Layer 2)
  Contexts—44MC534-5, 11, 19, 29
  Terminus Post Quem—1820
  Redeposited orange sandy clay subsoil (5YR5/8). This 54-cm-thick clay pad exists under the eastern half of the slave quarter.
• 3. Grey Silty Clay (Layers 3 and 11)
  Contexts—44MC534-6, 7, 8, 10, 16, 18, 30, 37
  Terminus Post Quem—1880
  A layer of grey silty clay (10YR4/2). This layer is consistent throughout the entire site.
• 4. Orangish Grey Clayey Loam (Layer 4)
  Contexts—44MC534-13, 21, 32
  Terminus Post Quem—1864
  An arbitrary continuation of Layer 3, consisting of a grey (7.5YR3/4) clayey loam, picking up hints of orange subsoil clay as the layer deepens. Sparse brick and heavy charcoal flecking included in this 5 cm thick layer.
• 5. Orange and Grey Clayey Loam (Layer 5) Contexts—44MC534-20, 24
  Terminus Post Quem—1864
  An arbitrary continuation of Layers 3 and 4, consisting of an orangish (7.5YR4/4) clayey loam with extensive grey clayey loam mottling. Layer contains heavy charcoal flecking.
• 6. Subsoil (Layer 6)
  Contexts—44MC534-22, 23, 38, 39
  Terminus Post Quem—no date available
  Orange clay subsoil (5YR5/8). Not excavated.
• 26
• 7. Stone Outcropping (Layer 9)
  Contexts—44MC534-15
  Terminus Post Quem—no date available
  The test unit at the southeastern corner of the quarter contained a natural outcropping of stone, possibly schist, under the clay pad of the slave house. Samples of this stone were retained.

27

Appendix 2.
Context Record

* Not included in this document.

28

Appendix 3. State Site Form

* Because it shows the exact site location, the state site inventory record is not included in this public document.

29

Appendix 4.
Artifact Inventory

Note: Inventory is printed from the Re:discovery cataloguing program used by Colonial Williamsburg, manufactured and sold by Re:discovery Software, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Brief explanation of terms:

• Context No. Arbitrary designation for a particular deposit (layer or feature), consisting of a four-digit "site/area" designation and a five-digit context designation. The site/area for this project is "76AA."
• TPQ "Date after which" the layer or feature was deposited, based on the artifact with the latest initial manufacture date. Deposits without a diagnostic artifact have the designation "NDA," or no date available.
• Listing The individual artifact listing includes the catalog "line designation," followed by the number of fragments or pieces, followed by the description.

30

Context No.: 76AA-00000 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AB	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AC	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE
AE	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AF	3	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AG	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE

Context No.: 76AA-00001 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AB	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AC	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AD	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, MIRROR
AE	1	MORTAR, MORTAR, SHELL
AF	1	STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD, QUARTZITE

Context No.: 76AA-00002 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AB	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AC	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AD	3	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AE	6	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN, MODERN IN APPEARANCE
AF	4	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AG	3	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AH	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS

Context No.: 76AA-00003 TPQ: 1880

AA	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AB	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AC	1	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AD	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AE	3	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AF	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AG	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, WHITE
AH	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, LIPPING TOOL, FINISH

Context No.: 76AA-00004 TPQ: NDA

AB	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AC	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN, MODERN
AD	2	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN

Context No.: 76AA-00005 TPQ: 1779

AA

1

REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED, *

Context No.: 76AA-00007 TPQ: 1864

AA	2	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WIRE
AB	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AC	3	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AD	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AE	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AF	4	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AG	4	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
31
AI	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AJ	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AK	2	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AL	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, CONTIN THREAD
AM	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, SHELL EDGE, BLUE
AN	5	IRON, STAPLE
AO	1	IRON, BUCKLE
AP	1	PORCELAIN, BUTTON, ONE PIECE
AQ	1	MORTAR, MORTAR, SHELL
AR	2	STONE, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD
AS	1	ZINC, METAL CAP/LID
AT	1	OTHER ORGANIC, STORAGE BATTERY, GRAPHITE D-CELL SIZE

Context No.: 76AA-00008 TPQ: 1864

AA	4	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AB	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AC	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AD	2	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WIRE
AE	5	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AF	4	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AG	6	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AH	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AI	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BROWN
AJ	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AK	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AL	1	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AM	1	IRON, STAPLE

Context No.: 76AA-00010 TPQ: 1864

AB	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AC	1	IRON, NAIL, OVER 4 IN, CUT
AD	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AE	1	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AF	5	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTIN THREAD, WHITE
AG	14	GLASS, WINDOW GLASS
AH	8	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AI	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN, LETTERING/NUMB, '..RF'*
AJ	2	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AK	2	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AL	14	GLASS, WINDOW GLASS
AL	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, DECALCOMANIA, POLYCHROME, *
AM	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AN	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED FLOW, BLUE
AO	1	IRON, UNID HARDWARE
AP	1	STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD, GRANITE?

Context No.: 76AA-00011 TPQ: 1820

AA	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AB	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED, *

Context No.: 76AA-00012 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, OVER 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AB	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AC	1	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AD	7	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
32
AE	2	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AG	2	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BROWN
AH	6	CHARCOAL, CHARCOAL
AI	1	QUARTZ, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD
AJ	1	GLASS, BEAD, BLACK

Context No.: 76AA-00013 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AA	1	EARTHENWARE, DELFTWARE ENG, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AB	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AC	1	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AD	2	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AE	3	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AF	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AG	1	STONEWARE, ENGLISH SW, FRAGMENT, LEAD GLAZE, BROWN
AH	1	PORCELAIN, ENG SOFT PASTE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE, POSSIBLY WORCESTER
AI	2	PORCELAIN, PORCELLANEOUS, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AJ	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE
AK	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AL	1	SHELL, SHELL
AM	1	BONE, BUTTON, ONE PIECE
AN	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, ONE PIECE, WHITE
AO	1	COPPER ALLOY, HANDLE, LETTERING/NUMB, CHROMED UMBRELLA HANDLE, 'NWR'

Context No.: 76AA-00014 TPQ: 1880

AA	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AB	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AC	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE
AD	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AE	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE
AF	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED

Context No.: 76AA-00015 TPQ: NDA

AA

9

STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD, UNKNOWN

Context No.: 76AA-00016 TPQ: 1850

AA	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE, *
AB	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AC	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AD	3	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AE	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE
AF	8	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AG	1	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, MOCHA/DENDRITIC, POLYCHROME
AH	1	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, ROYAL PATTERN, RIM
AI	2	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED

Context No.: 76AA-00017 TPQ: 1880

AA	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, MULTI-PC MOLD, *
AB	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, MOLD BLOWN
AC	3	STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD, POSSIBLY QUARTZITE

33

Context No.: 76AA-00018 TPQ: NDA

AB

1

GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BLUE

Context No.: 76AA-00019 TPQ: NDA

AA

18

GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS

Context No.: 76AA-00020 TPQ: 1864

AA	2	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AB	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AC	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AD	7	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AE	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS, *
AF	7	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AG	3	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BROWN
AH	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AI	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AJ	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AK	1	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AL	1	PORCELAIN, PORCELLANEOUS, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AM	5	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AN	1	MORTAR, MORTAR, LIME
AO	6	IRON, UNID HARDWARE

Context No.: 76AA-00021 TPQ: 1864

AA	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AB	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AC	1	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AD	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, MULTI-PC MOLD, GREEN, BASE, LETTERING/NUMB, 'B'
AE	8	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AF	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AG	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED FLOW, BLUE
AH	5	BONE, FRAGMENT
AI	1	STONE, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD

Context No.: 76AA-00024 TPQ: 1864

AA	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AB	5	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AC	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AD	3	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AE	7	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AF	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, PHARMACEUTICAL, LETTERING/NUMB, 'SPERM… SEWING'
AG	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE
AH	1	IRON, BUTTON, ONE PIECE, ¾" DIAMETER

Context No.: 76AA-00027 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AB	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, FRAGMENT
AC	2	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AD	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BLUE
AE	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED

34

Context No.: 76AA-00028 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AB	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AC	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AD	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AE	2	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AF	8	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AG	5	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AH	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, AQUA, LETTERING/NUMB, '..N..'
AI	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AJ	1	IRON, NUT

Context No.: 76AA-00033 TPQ: 1850

AA	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE, *
AB	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, POLYCHROME
AC	3	SHELL, SHELL
AD	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AE	5	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AF	1	IRON, UNID HARDWARE

Context No.: 76AA-00034 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BLUE
AB	2	GLASS, FRAGMENT, LAMP CHIMNEY
AC	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AD	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, MILK BOTTLE, FINISH
AE	1	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN

Context No.: 76AA-00035 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, POLYCHROME
AB	2	STONEWARE, OTHER STONEW, FRAGMENT, LEAD GLAZE
AC	6	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AD	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AE	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, PHARMACEUTICAL, GREEN
AF	2	GLASS, CLRLESS LEAD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS
AG	3	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AH	5	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS, NOT LEIGHTON'S PATENT GLASS
AI	25	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, NOT LEIGHTON'S PATENT GLASS
AJ	11	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AK	1	BONE, BUTTON, ONE PIECE
AL	1	FLORAL, SEED
AM	1	GLASS, BEAD, BLUE
AN	5	LEATHER, SHOE, FRAGMENT, INCLUDES A GROMMET
AO	1	QUARTZ, DEBITAGE, FLAKE FRAG/SHAT, NON-CORTICAL
AP	1	COPPER ALLOY, RIVET, WITH WASHER
AQ	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AR	2	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WIRE
AS	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AT	2	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AU	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AV	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AW	7	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AX	1	IRON, METAL CAP/LID, WITH LEAD SOLDER, TO A CYLINDRICAL CAN
35
AY	3	IRON, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, TOBACCO CAN FRAGMENTS
AZ	1	IRON, UNID HARDWARE
BA	1	IRON, OTHER HARDWARE, SPRING TO A CLOTHESPIN
BB	1	COPPER ALLOY, RING, CURTAIN

Context No.: 76AA-00036 TPQ: 1880

AA	6	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AB	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AC	2	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE
AD	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AE	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AF	5	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AG	3	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AH	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, SPONGED/SPATTER, POLYCHROME, STARS AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN
AI	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE
AJ	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, POLYCHROME
AK	1	PORCELAIN, PORCELLANEOUS, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AL	1	LEAD ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE

Context No.: 76AA-00037 TPQ: 1880

AA	2	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AB	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AC	10	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, CUT
AD	12	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AE	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AF	11	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AG	2	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AH	9	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AI	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, SCREW TOP
AJ	2	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AK	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BROWN
AL	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AM	2	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE
AN	9	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED, ONE BURNED
AO	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, OTHER MOLD DEC
AP	3	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE
AQ	1	PORCELAIN, PORCELLANEOUS, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AR	1	STONEWARE, GERMAN STONEW, FRAGMENT
AS	5	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AT	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AU	1	PLASTER, PLASTER, LIME
AV	2	IRON, UNID HARDWARE, ONE HAS 2" DIAMETER
AX	1	COPPER ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE, PLATED

Context No.: 76AA-00041 TPQ: 1864

AA	30	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AB	2	IRON, UNID HARDWARE
AC	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AD	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AE	8	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AF	2	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AG	3	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AH	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, SHELL EDGE, BLUE
36
AI	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, MOCHA/DENDRITIC, BLACK
AJ	2	PORCELAIN, CH PORCELAIN, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE, CANTON
AK	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AL	1	STONEWARE, AMER BROWN, FRAGMENT
AM	1	REFINED EARTHEN, REFINED EW, FRAGMENT, BURNED
AN	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AO	4	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AP	2	GLASS, CLRLESS LEAD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS
AQ	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AR	2	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, NOT LEIGHTON'S PATENT
AS	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BLUE
AT	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, JAR LID LINER, WHITE
AU	1	GLASS, BUTTON, ONE PIECE, WHITE
AV	1	SHELL, BUTTON, ONE PIECE
AW	1	LEAD, SHOT, SHOT, CUT IN HALF
AX	1	STONE, STONE, ARCHITECTURAL
AY	1	IRON, UNID HARDWARE, KEY OR SCISSORS HANDLE
AZ	1	TIN ALLOY, SPOON, HANDLE
BA	1	WOOD, BURNED, CHARRED STICK
BB	1	BURNED CLAY, FRAGMENT
BC	2	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, WALNUT
BD	18	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, FRAGMENT, WALNUT
BE	1	OTHER ORGANIC, PUMPKIN OR GOURD STEM
BF	21	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PEACH PITS
BG	4	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PEANUT SHELLS
BH	8	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, UNIDENTIFIED ASSORTMENT
BI	2	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN

Context No.: 76AA-00042 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AB	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE

Context No.: 76AA-00043 TPQ: NDA

AB	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AC	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AD	12	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AE	2	IRON, UNID HARDWARE
AF	1	IRON, SPOON
AH	3	WOOD, ORGANIC SUBST, ONE BURNED
AI	1	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AJ	2	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE
AK	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AL	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE
AM	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, SHELL EDGE, BLUE, *
AN	1	PORCELAIN, PORCELLANEOUS, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, GREEN
AO	1	PORCELAIN, PORCELLANEOUS, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AP	1	PORCELAIN, CH PORCELAIN, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE
AQ	6	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, NOT LEIGHTON PATENT GLASS
AR	5	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AS	3	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AT	1	COPPER ALLOY, PIN, STRAIGHT
AU	1	GLASS, BEAD, CLEAR/UNCOLORED
37
AV	1	STONE, SLATE PENCIL
AW	13	PLASTER, PLASTER, LIME, FOUR WITH GREEN PAINT
AY	1	MINERAL, DAUB
AZ	13	SHELL, EGGSHELL
BA	54	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
BB	1	OTHER ORGANIC, ORGANIC SUBST, FISH SCALE
BC	1	LEATHER, ORGANIC SUBST
BD	4	PAPER, ORGANIC SUBST, NEWSPAPER
BE	1	CLOTH, ORGANIC SUBST
BF	11	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PEACH PITS
BG	14	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, WALNUT
BH	4	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, ACORN, RODENT CHEWED
BI	1	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PECAN, RODENT CHEWED
BJ	17	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, GOURD, RODENT CHEWED
BK	8	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, UNIDENTIFIED, RODENT CHEWED

Context No.: 76AA-00044 TPQ: 1820

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AB	13	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AC	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, BANDED, BROWN
AD	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE, *BLUE WILLOW PATTERN
AE	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AF	3	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AG	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, WHITE
AH	4	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, NOT LEIGHTON'S PATENT
AI	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AJ	2	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AK	2	GLASS, CLRLESS LEAD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AL	1	SHELL, SHELL, MUSSEL
AM	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT
AN	1	BONE, BUTTON, ONE PIECE
AO	1	SHELL, BUTTON, ONE PIECE
AP	1	GLASS, BEAD, BLUE
AQ	4	PLASTER, PLASTER, LIME, 2 PAINTED GREEN, 2 PAINTED RED
AS	7	PLASTER, PLASTER
AT	2	STONE, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD
AU	4	QUARTZ, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD
AV	2	IRON, UNID HARDWARE
AW	1	COPPER ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE
AX	1	RUBBER, UNIDENTIFIED, POSSIBLEY SHOE HEEL FRAGMENT
AY	1	LEAD, WINDOW LEAD
AZ	2	GLASS, BEAD, BLUE, SEED BEAD
BA	5	SHELL, EGGSHELL
BB	4	IRON, UNID HARDWARE
BC	30	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
BD	1	OTHER ORGANIC, ORGANIC SUBST, FISHSCALE
BE	8	PAPER, ORGANIC SUBST, NEWSPAPER
BF	2	PAPER, ORGANIC SUBST, CARDBOARD
BG	1	CLOTH, ORGANIC SUBST
BH	2	OTHER ORGANIC, ORGANIC SUBST, CORN COB
BI	8	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, WALNUT
BJ	14	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PECANS, RODENT CHEWED
BK	4	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PEACH PITS
BL	5	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, GOURD LIKE SEEDS, RODENT CHEWED
BM	5	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PEANUT SHELLS
BN	9	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, UNIDENTIFIED, MANY RODENT CHEWED
BO	6	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, ACORNS, ONE RODENT CHEWED

38

Context No.: 76AA-00045 TPQ: NDA

AA	12	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AB	1	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE
AC	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, GREEN, *
AD	1	GLASS, BUTTON, WHITE
AE	1	PLASTIC, BEAD, GREEN
AF	1	GLASS, CLRLESS LEAD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
AG	1	COPPER ALLOY, SHOT, .22 CALIBER SHOT
AH	1	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PEACH
AI	1	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PECAN
AJ	1	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, WALNUT
AK	1	OTHER STONE, ELEC HARDWARE, GRAPHITE

Context No.: 76AA-00046 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AB	35	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AC	2	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AD	4	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AE	3	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AF	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN
AG	3	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, NOT LEIGHTON PATENT GLASS
AH	1	STONEWARE, AMER BLUE/GREY, FRAGMENT
AI	4	PLASTER, PLASTER, LIME, TWO WITH GREEN PAINT
AJ	1	SHELL, BUTTON, ONE PIECE
AK	1	PORCELAIN, BUTTON, ONE PIECE, WHITE
AM	1	COPPER ALLOY, BUTTON, TWO PIECE, PLATED, MILITARY BUTTON WITH EAGLE INSIGNIA
AN	1	BAKELITE, BUTTON, ONE PIECE, BACK, *
AO	1	COPPER ALLOY, SHOT, 22 CALIBER SHOT
AP	2	COPPER ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE
AQ	5	QUARTZ, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD
AR	1	GRANITE, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD
AS	23	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AT	1	SHELL, SHELL, SNAIL
AU	9	SHELL, EGGSHELL
AV	1	OTHER ORGANIC, FAUNAL SPECIMEN, FISH
AW	2	OTHER ORGANIC, ORGANIC SUBST, CORN COB
AX	8	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, PECAN
AY	6	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, WALNUT
AZ	1	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, SWEET GUM
BB	2	OTHER ORGANIC, ORGANIC SUBST, CORN COB
BC	3	OTHER ORGANIC, SEED, UNIDENTIFIED

Context No.: 76AA-00047 TPQ: NDA

AA	7	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CANNING JAR
AB	4	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, ONE MARKED 'W-Y'
AC	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, PHARMACEUTICAL, GREEN
AD	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, MIRROR
AE	1	SHELL, SHELL
AF	7	BONE, FAUNAL SPECIMEN
AG	3	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AH	1	IRON, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AI	3	IRON, NAIL, FRAGMENT
AJ	1	IRON, NAIL, OVER 4 IN, WIRE
39
AK	1	GALVANIZED META, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AL	1	IRON, SPIKE, CUT
AM	3	REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, SHELL EDGE, BLUE
AN	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, POLYCHROME, FLORAL DESIGN IN GREEN AND RED
AO	1	REFINED EARTHEN, IRONST/WH GRAN, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLACK
AP	1	PORCELAIN, CH PORCELAIN, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, BLUE
AQ	3	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AR	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, OTHER MOLD DEC
AS	17	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AT	3	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE
AU	1	STONEWARE, ENGLISH SW, FRAGMENT, GINGER BEER BOTTLE
AV	1	COARSE EARTHENW, COARSEWARE, FRAGMENT
AW	1	CERAMIC, TOBACCO PIPE, IMPORTED, STEM
AX	1	COPPER ALLOY, CLOSURE
AY	1	PLASTIC, BUTTON, ONE PIECE, BLUE
AZ	1	PORCELAIN, BUTTON, ONE PIECE, WHITE
BA	1	PLASTIC, OTHER HARDWARE, BLACK
BB	7	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS, PRESSED
BC	4	GLASS, FRAGMENT, LAMP CHIMNEY, CRIMPED RIM
BD	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS
BE	4	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, BLUE
BF	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, CONTIN THREAD, BLUE
BG	4	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, BEER/POP BOTTLE, GREEN
BH	2	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, BEER/POP BOTTLE, CROWN CAP, GREEN
BJ	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CANNING JAR, GREEN
BK	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, GREEN, MARKED ".TER" "..ORK"
BL	1	GLASS, MANG SOLARIZED, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER
BM	8	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE
BO	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
BP	5	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE, GREEN
BQ	1	STONE, STONE, NATURAL/UNWRKD, WATERWORN OR ROUNDED
BR	1	IRON, KNIFE, TABLE
BS	19	IRON, UNID HARDWARE
BT	1	IRON, HINGE
BU	1	IRON, FURNITURE ELE, STOVE LEG
BV	1	TIN ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE
CC	1	IRON, LOCK/LOCK PART, LOCK BOLT
CD	1	IRON, POT, HANDLE, POSSIBLE SPATULA OR FORK
CE	1	IRON, HANDLE, CAST, TRUNK OR BOX HANDLE
CG	1	IRON, UNID HARDWARE, CAST
CH	1	IRON, ESCUTCHEON, CONTAINS A NAIL

Context No.: 76AA-00048 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, SHELL EDGE, BLUE
AB	8	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED
AC	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, OTHER MOLD DEC
AD	4	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, BLUE, BLUE WILLOW PATTERN
AE	1	GLASS, COLORED, FRAGMENT, JAR LID LINER, WHITE
AF	1	COPPER ALLOY, FURNITURE ELE
AG	2	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, BOTTLE, PHARMACEUTICAL, '30 PHENOLAX WAFERS..'*
AH	1	SHELL, BUTTON, CLOTHING
AI	1	IRON, SPOON
40
AJ	1	IRON, HINGE
AK	1	IRON, WASHER
AL	1	IRON, HINGE, STRAP
AM	1	IRON, CHAIN
AN	1	IRON, PINTLE
AO	1	IRON, NAIL, OVER 4 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AP	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, CUT
AR	1	IRON, CASTER, PORCELAIN WHEEL
AS	1	IRON, HORSESHOE
AT	1	IRON, SPIKE, OVER 4 IN, CUT
AU	2	IRON, UNID HARDWARE, POSSIBLE CARRIAGE HARDWARE
AV	1	IRON, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE
AW	1	WOOD, ORGANIC SUBST, WORKED, PEG
AX	1	QUARTZ, BIFACE
AY	1	IRON, OTHER HARDWARE, WINDOW PULLEY